Diseases of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

K. Pernezny and G. W. Simone, primary collators (last update 11/09/00)

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Bacterial black spot = bacterial canker: Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae (Patel, Moniz, and Kulkarni 1948) Robbs, Ribeiro and Kimura 1974
Bacterial fruit rot: Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum
(Jones 1901) Hauben et al. 1999; = Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones 1901)
Bergey et al. 1923; Erwinia herbicola (Löhnis 1911) Dye 1964
Crown gall: Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942

FUNGAL DISEASES

Alternaria leaf spots: Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.; Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze:Fr.) Wiltshire
Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz & Sacc. in Penz.; Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & Schrenk
[teleomorph]; Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds
Black banded disease: Rhinocladium corticum (Massee)
Black mildew: Meliola mangiferae Earle
Black mold rot: Aspergillus niger Tiegh.
Black rot: Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau; Chalara paradoxa (deSeyn.) Sacc. [anamorph]
Blossom blight: Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.
Blue mold: Penicillium expansum Link
Branch canker: Botryosphaeria ribis Gross. & Duggar; Fusicoccum sp. [anamorph]; Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.:Fr.) J. Kickx fil. var. effusum (Nitschke) J.H. Miller
Branch necrosis: Dothiorella sp.
Ceratocystis wilt: Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst.; Chalara sp. [anamorph]
Charcoal fruit rot: Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich
Charcoal root rot: Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich
Crown rot: Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.; Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome [teleomorph]
Crusty leaf spot: Zimmermaniella trispora P. Henn.
Curvularia blight: Curvularia tuberculata P.C. Jain
Dieback: Botryosphaeria disrupta (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx &
E. Müller; = Physalospora disrupta (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc.; Botryosphaeria quercuum (Schwein.) Sacc.; = Physalospora glandicola (Schwein.) N. Stevens; Botryosphaeria rhodina (Cooke) Arx; = Physalospora rhodina Cooke; Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.; = Botryosphaeria theobromae Pat.
Felt fungus: Septobasidium bogoriense Pat.; Septobasidium pilosum Boedijn & B.A. Steinmann; Johncouchia mangiferae (Batista) S.J. Hughes &
Cavalconti [anamorph]; Septobasidium pseudopedicellatum Burt
Fruit rot: Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.; Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan; = P. nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica (Dastur)
G.M. Waterhouse; Pestalotiopsis mangiferae (Henn.) Steyaert; Phyllosticta anacardiacearum van der Aa; Guignardia mangiferae A.J. Roy [teleomorph]
Gall: Fusarium decemcellare C. Brick; Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.
[teleomorph]
Gray leaf spot: Pestalotiopsis mangiferae (Henn.) Steyaert; = Pestalotia mangiferae Henn.
Hendersonia rot: Hendersonia creberrima Sydow & Butler
Leaf blight: Bipolaris hawaiiensis (M.B. Ellis) J. Uchida & Aragaki
Leaf spot: Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Boedijn; Leptosphaeria sp.; Macrophoma sp.; Phaeosphaerella mangiferae F.Stevens & Weedon in
F. Stevens; Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boerema, Dorenbosch &
Van Kesteren; Pseudocercospora mali (Ellis & Everh.) Deighton; Pseudocercospora subsessilis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Deighton; Septoria sp.; Verticillium lecanii (A. Zimmerm.) Viégas
Macrophoma rot: Macrophoma mangiferae Hingorani & Sharma
Mango malformation: Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenweb. & Reinking) P.E. Nelson, T.A. Toussoun & Marasas; (Note: some debate remains as to complete etiology of this disease.)
Mucor rot: Mucor circinelloides Tiegh.
Mushroom root rot: Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Dennis, Orton & Hora
Phoma blight: Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenweb. & Hochapfel
Phyllosticta leaf spot: Phyllosticta mortonii Fairm.; Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) van der Aa; Guignardia citricarpa Kiely [teleomorph]; Phyllosticta anacardiacearum van der Aa; Guignardia mangiferae A.J. Roy [teleomorph]
Pink disease: Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burdsall; = Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome; Necator decretus Massee [anamorph]
Powdery mildew: Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.; Oidium asteris - punicei Peck [anamorph]; Oidium mangiferae Berthet.
Rhizopus rot: Rhizopus arrhizus A. Fischer; = R. oryzae Went & Prinsen Geerligs
Root rot: Cylindrocladiella peruviana (Batista, Bezerra & Herrera)
Boesewinkel; = Cylindrocladium peruvianum Batista, Bezerra & Herrera; Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert; Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan; =P. nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica (Dastur)
G.M. Waterhouse; Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler; Pythium spp.; Pythium splendens H. Braun; Rhizoctonia solani Kühn; Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk
[teleomorph]; Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. var. delphinii (Welch) Boerema
& Hamers; Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
Scab: Elsinoe mangiferae Bitancourt & Jenk.; Sphaceloma mangiferae Bitancourt & Jenk. [anamorph]
Sclerotinia rot: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Seed rots: Bipolaris ravenelii (M.A. Curtis) Shoemaker; Marasmius sp.; Pythium spp.; Rhizoctonia solani Kühn
Shoestring rot: Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) P. Kumm
Sooty blotch: Gloeodes pomigena (Schwein.) Colby
Sooty molds: Capnodium citri Mont.; Capnodium mangiferae Cke. & Brown; Capnodium ramosum Cke.; Meliola spp.; Tripospermum acerinum (Syd.) Speg.
Stem canker: Phoma sp.
Stem end rot: Botryosphaeria rhodina (Cooke) Arx; Dothiorella dominicana Petrak & Cif.; =Fusicoccum aesculi Corda; Botryosphaeria dothidea (Maug.:Fr.) Ces. & deNot.
[teleomorph]; Hendersonula toruloidea Nattras; Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.; = Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.; Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad.
Stem gall: Sphaeropsis sp.
Stemphylium rot: Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E. Simmons.
Stigmina leaf spot: Stigmina mangiferae (Koorden) M.B. Ellis
Tip dieback: Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc.; Gibberella intricans Wollenweb. [teleomorph]
Transit rot: Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill.
Trunk rot: Hexagonia hydnoides (Sw.:Fr.) M. Fidalgo; = Polyporus hydnoides (Sw.:Fr.) Fr.
Twig blight: Diaporthe spp.
Verticillium wilt: Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth.
White sooty blotch: Gloeodes sp.
Wood rot: Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.; Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis:Fr.) P. Karst.; Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.:Fr.) Pat.; Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.:Fr.) Murrill; = Polyporus sanguineus L.:Fr.

NEMATODES, PARASITIC

Dagger nematode: Xiphinema brevicolle Lordello & daCosta; Xiphinema spp.
Lance nematode: Hoplolaimus columbus Sher
Sheathoid nematode: Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES and DISORDERS

Abnormal ripening: Incorrect O₂:CO₂ ratios in storage or fruit waxing.
Algal leaf spot = red rust: Cephaleuros virescens Kunze
Black tip: Post-harvest disorder of unknown cause
Brushing damage: Excessive post-harvest brush polishing of fruit
Bunchy top: Unknown cause
Chilling injury: Temperatures from 7-13°C; cultivar dependent.
Copper deficiency: Unavailable copper
Decline: Unknown etiology
Edema: Physiological water stress
Hot water scald: Excessive temperature or duration in hot water or hot water/fungicide dips
Impact damage: Fruit injury from mishandling during harvest or grading
Internal necrosis: Boron deficiency
Jelly seed: Unknown post-harvest disorder
Lenticel spotting: Heavy rains or prolonged post-harvest dips
Little leaf: Zinc deficiency
Manganese deficiency: Insufficient manganese
Parasitic lichen: Strigula elegans (Fee) Muell Arg.
Premature ripening: Cause of disorder unknown
Pressure damage: Surface fruit injury due to poor packing or load shift in transit
Sapburn injury: Sap contact with fruit skin during or post-harvest
Soft nose: Excessive nitrogen/low calcium levels
Spongy tissue: Unknown post-harvest disorder
Stem end cavity: Unexplained pre-harvest fruit injury
Sunburn: Sudden exposure of fruit to high air temperature and/or bright light
Tipburn: High soluble salts