ABSTRACT
The physical modes of action of azoxystrobin, mancozeb, and metalaxyl were evaluated on grapevine seedlings using Plasmopara viticola as a model pathogen. The protectant, postinfection, postsymptom, translaminar, and vapor activities of azoxystrobin were evaluated at a rate of 250 μg/ml. Azoxystrobin provided 100% disease control when applied 1 to 5 days before inoculation. Postinfection applications of azoxystrobin had little effect on the incidence of disease, but colony area and sporulation from the resultant lesions was reduced by 47 and 96%, respectively, relative to the check treatment when applied up to 5 days after inoculation. Postsymptom applications (6 days after inoculation) of azoxystrobin resulted in an 85% mean reduction of resporulation from diseased tissue relative to the check when seedlings were evaluated 1 to 14 days after treatment. Translaminar activity was greatest when the upper surface of the leaf was treated 7 days before inoculation of the lower leaf surface (94% disease control). In contrast, control was <50% when leaves were similarly inoculated 1 and 3 days after treatment. Vapor activity was not pronounced, providing maximum reductions of 5, 11, and 37%, with regard to incidence, colony area, and sporulation, relative to the check when seedlings were treated 1 to 7 days before inoculating adjacent, untreated leaves. Comparatively, mancozeb (1,790 μg/ml) provided complete control of the disease when applied 1 to 5 days before inoculation, but showed little postinfection activity in reducing disease incidence, although it exhibited moderate to high antisporulant activity when applied in postinfection and postsymptom modes (mean reductions of 38 and 89%, respectively, compared with the check treatments). Metalaxyl (260 μg/ml) also provided complete control of the disease when used in protectant mode, and also when applied 1 day after inoculation. Applications at 3 to 5 days after inoculation provided substantial reductions in disease severity and sporulation (mean reductions of 46 and 94%, respectively, compared with the check treatments), and postsymptom applications resulted in a mean 84% reduction in resporulation. Collectively, the results of this study illustrate the unique physical modes of action for azoxystrobin in comparison to that of two traditional protectant and systemic fungicides, and provide information on how azoxystrobin and other strobilurin fungicides with similar physical modes of action should be best used in disease management programs.
