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Fusarium Wilt of Gerbera in Spain in Soilless Crops

In 2004, gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. Excellence) plants, grown for cut flowers, were observed in a soilless cultivation system (coconut fiber substrate) in one farm in the Cadiz area (southwestern Spain) exhibiting symptoms of a wilt disease. Gerbera represents a relevant crop for the industry in the region, after rose and carnation. Affected plants were stunted and developed yellow leaves with initially brown and eventually black streaks in the vascular system. The vascular streaks in the yellow leaves were continuous with a brown discoloration in the vascular system of the crown and upper taproot. In some cases, the leaves of affected plants turned red. Fusarium spp. was consistently and readily isolated from symptomatic vascular tissue of infected plants onto a Fusarium-selective medium (3). Colonies were identified as F. oxysporum after subculturing on potato dextrose agar on the basis of morphological observations. Pathogenicity tests were carried out by using two monoconidial isolates, compared with an Italian one, obtained from wilted gerbera plants. Each isolate of F. oxysporum was grown in shake culture (90 rpm) for 10 days on casein hydrolysate at 25°C with 12 h of fluorescent light per day. Healthy rooted 30-day-old plants (cv. Jaska), were inoculated by dipping roots into a conidial suspension (5 × 10⁷ conidia/ml) in one of the three test isolates of F. oxysporum. Plants were transplanted (1 plant per pot) into pots (3.5 liter vol.) containing rockwool-based substrate. Noninoculated plants served as control treatments. Plants (15 per treatment) were grown in a glasshouse at an average day temperature of 30°C and night temperature of 24°C (minimum of 22°C and maximum of 41°C). Wilt symptoms and vascular discoloration in the roots, crown, and veins developed within 30 days on each inoculated plant, while noninoculated plants remained healthy. F. oxysporum was consistently reisolated from infected plants. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. A wilt of gerbera was described in the Netherlands in 1952 (1) but its presence was not confirmed in further observations (4). Gerbera wilt was recently reported in Italy (2) and identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi (A. Garibaldi, personal communication). Currently, the wilt of gerbera in Spain is limited to a few farms and a very limited percent (2 to 3%) of plants.

References: (1) J. Arx and J. A. von Tijdschr. PlZiekt. 58:5, 1952. (2) A. Garibaldi et al. Plant Dis. 88:311, 2004. (3) H. Komada. Rev. Plant Prot. Res. 8:114, 1975. (4) G. Scholten. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 76:212, 1970.