ABSTRACT
Ramorum leaf blight, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, has reemerged at several California nurseries after removal of infested material. In many cases, reemergence was not associated with reintroduction of the pathogen and may be attributed to inoculum surviving in soil beds because P. ramorum propagules can survive for over a year in soil. Using artificially infested soil in microcosms, fumigation and heat treatments were examined as potential eradicants of P. ramorum from soil. Treatments with chloropicrin, Vapam, and iodomethane were effective in reducing P. ramorum propagules below detection limits. Basamid was consistently effective only when fully incorporated into the soil. Application of Basamid (392 kg/ha) at infested ornamental nursery sites mirrored results from microcosm experiments, indicating that a tarp cover over treated soil is necessary for reliable efficacy. Dimethyldisulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, and two formulations of hydrogen dioxide were less effective, resulting in only partial reduction of propagules. In heat treatments, P. ramorum in soil microcosms remained detectable 42 days after microcosms were incubated at 30 and 22°C but was not detectable in soil heated above 40°C for 3 days. Results from a solarized field plot indicate that prolonged sublethal temperatures, between 35 and 40°C for 42 days, can be effective in eliminating detectable propagules of P. ramorum.
