Introduction

Foliar nematodes (Aphelenchoides spp.) are increasingly widespread pathogens of ornamental plants grown in greenhouses, nurseries, and in the landscape. There are three species of economic importance on ornamentals: Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Bos, 1891) Christie, 1932; Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Schwartz, 1911) Steiner and Buhrer, 1932; and Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, 1942. Aphelenchoides fragariae is found in a diverse range of plants, including ferns, bedding plants, and herbaceous perennials, and has been reported across the United States (5,44,74). Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi also attacks a large range of ornamental plant species, but is rarely found on ferns and is commonly reported from Europe (29,69), although neither species is limited to a specific continent. Aphelenchoides besseyi is the least common of the three species in ornamentals, and is an economically important pathogen of rice (7). Aphelenchoides besseyi is often found in warmer climates while A. ritzemabosi and A. fragariae are more commonly associated with temperate climates, even though the two latter species are found in both tropical and temperate localities (76). While all three species infect a wide variety of ornamental and field crop plants, this review focuses mainly on ornamental plants grown for aesthetic value and infection by A. fragariae and A. ritzemabosi, the two species that most commonly infect ornamental plants.

Foliar nematodes infect the leaves of plants by migrating up plant stems and entering the stomates of leaves (70). Because migration occurs in water, infection is favored by plant surfaces recently moistened by dew, rain, or overhead irrigation. Foliar nematodes feed primarily endoparasitically and occasionally ectoparasitically on plant tissue, depending on the environment and type of plant host (76). During endoparasitic feeding within leaves, foliar nematodes cause brown to black, or chlorotic, vein-delimited angular lesions that can become necrotic with age (7) (Fig. 1). The response of host plants is variable. When the leaves of some woody ornamental plants, such as Lantana camara, become heavily infected, foliar lesons develop, followed by defoliation (Fig. 2). In other plants, such as Heuchera sanguinea, the infected leaves eventually turn necrotic and die. Older infected leaf tissue of Hosta spp. and Helianthus spp. drops out leaving a shot-hole or tattered appearance. Because ornamentals are sold for their aesthetic value, infected plants are often unsaleable, making foliar nematode damage very costly for ornamental growers.

Fig. 1 (A). Vein-delimited angular lesions resulting from foliar nematode infection of Salvia sp.		Fig. 1 (B). Vein-delimited angular lesions resulting from foliar nematode infection of Buddleja sp.

Fig. 2. Defoliation of Lantana camara as a result of foliar nematode infection.

History and Identification

The genus Aphelenchoides Fischer, 1894, contains many ubiquitous fungal feeding nematode species, as well as species that are parasites of insects and plants (14). The nematodes in this genus may represent a more primitive type of nematode evolutionarily, because they often can feed on both fungi and plants, and plant parasitic nematodes of the genus have a very wide host range compared to other plant pathogenic nematodes (11).

Adult nematodes in the genus Aphelenchoides are vermiform and about 1 mm in length (55). Aphelenchoides species can be differentiated from most plant parasitic nematode taxa by the presence of a very large metacarpus, a finely annulated cuticle, an offset lip region (Fig. 3), a lateral field that contains two to four lines (Fig. 4), and a tapering, conical tail end that is either rounded or has a mucro (14) (Fig. 5).

	Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrograph of an Aphelenchoides fragariae head showing the mouth opening surrounded by the slightly protruding labia (lips).		Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrograph showing A. fragariae annulations and lateral field containing a narrow band with two incisures, as indicated by arrows.

Fig. 5. Tail of A. fragariae male. Notice the prominent spicules. The tip of the tail is curved as a result of the fixation process.

Aphelenchoides fragariae was first described when E. A. Ormerod sent infected strawberry plants to Ritzema Bos in England in 1890 (19). The strawberry plants were stunted and deformed so that the crown and lateral branches resembled a cauliflower, which caused Bos to describe the plants as suffering from "cauliflower disease." Bos named the nematodes causing this disease Aphelenchoides fragariae in 1891 (19).

Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi had been detected in chrysanthemums suffering from "eelworm disease" as early as 1890, but the nematode was confused with other Aphelenchoides species possessing similar morphology, until Schwartz characterized it as A. ritzemabosi in 1911 (19). Even after A. ritzemabosi was identified as a separate species, A. ritzemabosi was still confused with A. fragariae due to morphological similarities between the two species (13). Aphelenchoides fragariae has two lateral lines and a tail ending in a blunt point, while A. ritzemabosi has a lateral field with four lines and a tail ending in two to four processes (14).

Aphelenchoides besseyi was described by Christie in 1942 (14). This species is often associated with rice plants; A. besseyi causes "white tip" disease of rice in Japan and the southern United States (15). While the most economically significant plant host for A. besseyi is rice, this nematode has also been recorded on many ornamental plant hosts (18). Aphelenchoides besseyi can be distinguished from other Aphelenchoides species by having a lateral field with four lines, a stellate mucro at the tail (14), and shorter postvulvar uterine sac than A. ritzemabosi (54).

Molecular tools can also be used to identify Aphelenchoides species. Ribosomal DNA is used to differentiate A. besseyi and A. fragariae from several other Aphelenchoides species, including A. nechaleos, A. paranechaleos, A. composticola, A. bicaudatus, and A. arachidis (24). Chizhov et al. (4) inferred the phylogenetic relationships of A. fragariae, A. ritzemabosi, and A. besseyi to several other Aphelenchoides species, and found that plant parasitic species of Aphelenchoides grouped together in two clades. A PCR diagnostic assay has been developed to detect A. fragariae in infected plant tissue (22), and this PCR assay proved more accurate than a traditional water extraction method (44).

Host Range

There are over 700 associated host species of foliar nematodes from at least 85 different plant families (5,18,29,35,74). The term "associated host" is used here because Koch’s postulates were not always performed. An updated compilation of reported associated hosts of Aphelenchoides fragariae, A. ritzemabosi, and A. besseyi is summarized in Table 1. This compilation consolidates associated host lists from around the world, including records from North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. The earliest of these lists was published in 1936 (5), and Table 1 includes 135 hosts from this list. Table 1 also includes Goodey (18), who listed 308 plant hosts for Aphelenchoides in The Nematode Parasites of Plants Catalogued under their Hosts, 76 plant hosts from Juhl (29) in Denmark, and 83 host plants from Knight (35,36) in New Zealand. Plant names in lists have been updated to reflect updated taxonomy. Thus, Table 1 will be of value to diagnostic clinics, researchers, government agencies, and growers who need to know what plants are susceptible to foliar nematode infestation.

The updated host plant list reveals an expansive foliar nematode host range. A large number of associated plant hosts are members of the plant families Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Primulaceae, Lamiaceae, and Liliaceae, and foliar nematodes also infect members of such diverse plant families as Agavaceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Orchidaceae, Cactaceae, and Crassulaceae. It is also interesting to note that while there are very few reports of A. ritzemabosi and A. besseyi infecting ferns, there are numerous reports of A. fragariae infecting ferns in the families Dryopteridaceae, Pteridaceae, and Aspleniaceae.

The expanded host list reveals host diversity, which is one reason why foliar nematode control is very challenging. Foliar nematodes can quickly spread throughout greenhouses, infesting many different kinds of plants that are being grown close to one another. Management can be especially difficult when small numbers of rare, high-value plants such as exotic ferns or tropical plants are grown. In these cases growers are often reluctant to discard infected plants because of their value, and theses plants remain as a source of nematodes. Growers who buy and ship large quantities of plants also risk bringing asymptomatic plants into their operations and can end up contaminating multiple blocks of numerous and varied plants.

Biology

Water plays a crucial role in the movement and dispersal of foliar nematodes. Dew, rainfall, or overhead irrigation provide moisture for the water films in which foliar nematodes migrate (40) to reach leaves. Wallace (70) observed that A. ritzemabosi adults moved more rapidly in thick water films that immersed epidermal hairs, similar to what would be found on the underside of wet leaves.

Aphelenchoides spp. enter and exit leaf tissue through stomata on the leaf undersurface (64,70). Wallace (70) observed adults of A. ritzemabosi entering plant tissue through open stomata on the underside of chrysanthemum leaves. He observed a nematode feeling the stomate with its head and then inserting its head into the opening while moving the rest of its body back and forth until the worm had fully entered the stomate. Wallace (70) also demonstrated that nematodes emerge from stomata by differentially coating upper and lower leaf surfaces with petroleum jelly. Nematodes emerged in large numbers from leaves that had no petroleum jelly, and when petroleum jelly was applied only to the upper leaf surface. However, fewer nematodes emerged when the lower leaf surface was coated, because most stomata are located on the leaf underside (70).

Klinger (34) observed that foliar nematodes were attracted to the tactile stimulus of stomate-shaped slits. The nematodes were not attracted to oxygen, but they were attracted to carbon dioxide gas, which would normally emerge from stomata at night as a result of cellular respiration in the plant. At night there could also be a film of dew over the surface of plant leaves that would allow the nematodes to migrate to stomata.

After adult and fourth-stage juvenile nematodes enter through leaf stomata, feeding and reproduction occurs within the leaf tissue. The nematodes feed within the mesophyll and epidermis of the leaf (69), piercing neighboring cells with their stylets to feed (64). Eggs are laid within healthy, green sections of the leaf tissues (71). The endoparasitic feeding results in the collapse of the spongy parenchyma and palisade cells, which causes the leaf tissue to turn brown (69). Nematodes also feed ectoparasitically on stems, buds and flowers (56).

The life cycle is very similar in both A. ritzemabosi and A. fragariae. Males are required for reproduction, and once females are fertilized they are able to lay eggs even after emergence from months of dormancy in an anhydrobiotic state (16). Strümpel (64) observed populations of A. fragariae in Lorraine begonia at 18°C, and determined that each females laid approximately 32 eggs, and that eggs hatched in 4 days. The second stage juveniles reached reproductive maturity in six to seven days. Each A. ritzemabosi female lays an average of 25 to 35 eggs in a cluster (71). Stewart (61) observed that A. ritzemabosi could complete its life cycle in 14 days, with five days being required for embryonic development, and maturation occurring after another five days; Wallace (71) and French (16) reported similar generation times. These observations reveal that foliar nematode populations can rapidly increase within leaf tissue, with thousands of nematodes per gram of leaf tissue produced within two months.

Adult and fourth-stage juveniles are able to overwinter in an anhydrobiotic state within desiccated plant tissue and can survive for several months up to three years (7). The adult and fourth-stage juveniles have been shown to overwinter in dried leaves, dormant buds, but not in plant roots (17,27). Nematodes may be more likely to survive in a dormant state when bare soil is dry, but less likely to survive in moist soil, especially at moisture levels at 30% field capacity and greater (17,20,67). Jagdale and Grewal (27) found live nematodes in rhizosphere soil associated with overwintering hosta plants, but did not state if leaf fragments, which would have served as a reservoir for foliar nematodes, were present in their samples.

Epidemiology

Foliar nematodes are often dispersed throughout greenhouses and nurseries by splashing water (40). Overheard irrigation allows foliar nematodes to be carried in water droplets to neighboring, uninfected plants. Foliar nematodes can also spread from the direct contact of an infected leaf with uninfected plant tissue. There have been reports of foliar nematodes traveling along weed leaves to infect new plants, being carried in seeds, and within infected leaves that have dehisced and fallen onto uninfected plant tissue (40).

Szczygiel (66) studied populations of A. fragariae in field-grown strawberry plants in Poland and determined that the population density of the nematodes in plant parts increased from November to December, and then decreased in January and remained low through the spring. He theorized that the population was responding to changes in the atmospheric temperature and humidity. When Szczygiel and Hasior (68) repeated similar experiments in 1967 and 1968, they observed that populations of A. ritzemabosi and A. fragariae increased during the early spring and late fall when the air temperature was low and relative humidity was high (68). Yamada and Takakura (77) examined populations of A. fragariae in lilies in Japan, and determined that the nematode populations increased in leaves during the rainy season.

Epidemiology studies of foliar nematodes are limited, and more research needs to be conducted on the spatial and temporal distribution of foliar nematodes in order to better understand their population dynamics, and to develop more effective management tactics.

Management

Foliar nematode management is very challenging. Because foliar nematodes are disseminated by splashing water, a common recommendation is to avoid overhead irrigation. This is often difficult to accomplish when costly overhead irrigation systems are already in place for large sections of greenhouse space, and in outdoor nurseries where rain can spread foliar nematodes, even in the absence of overhead irrigation.

Some chrysanthemum cultivars have foliar nematode resistance (21). These cultivars have leaves that rapidly become necrotic, which quickly surrounds the nematodes with dead cells, thereby reducing feeding on green tissue and egg laying (72). However, no breeding work has been done to produce foliar nematode resistant chrysanthemum plants using this information. Even if there were breeding programs to produce plants resistant to foliar nematodes, it would not be feasible to introduce resistance into all of the hundreds of plant species that are susceptible to foliar nematodes.

In the past, chemical treatments such as oxamyl and parathion were used for effective management of foliar nematodes (28). However, due to environmental concerns and toxicity, these chemicals are no longer available, and modern chemical control methods have variable results. Chemical treatments may kill nematodes in water suspensions, but then fail to kill nematodes within infected leaves (25). The miticide chlorfenapyr is currently labeled for foliar nematode control on greenhouse ornamentals. Chlorfenapyr is reported to be effective for reducing foliar nematode populations in thin-leaved plants such as anemone (51) but is less effective in crops with thicker leaves such as lantana (73). Several insecticides have also been tested for control of foliar nematodes on ornamentals with similar variable results (38). These results reveal that current chemical treatments have varied success for controlling foliar nematodes because the chemicals are unable to fully penetrate leaf tissue in many plant species. Therefore, it is likely that the most effective chemical controls will be those that are truly systemic within the plant.

An alternative method for killing nematodes within leaf tissue is by soaking infected plants in hot water. Staniland (60) concluded that A. ritzemabosi could be killed in chrysanthemum stock plants soaked in water at 46°C for five minutes. Jagdade and Grewal (26) found that submerging infected hostas in 90°C water in the spring or autumn could greatly reduce A. fragariae populations. Because hot water treatment is labor intensive, and there can be negative effects on plant growth, this method is only used as a last resort in commercial settings, or for treating high value plants.

Future Work

While we understand much of the basic biology of Aphelenchoides, there is still a great deal of research that needs to be done to better understand Aphelenchoides epidemiology, and to develop improved methods for their suppression in greenhouse and nursery settings. We need a better understanding of intra- and inter-plant nematode distribution, dispersal of foliar nematodes in ornamental plant production systems, and a better understanding of the infection process in order to develop improved integrated management strategies. Breeding programs can improve nematode resistance in a small number of ornamental plant species, but may be impractical on a large scale because the host range for Aphelenchoides is so diverse. Therefore, research efforts should focus on developing methods to prevent inoculum spread from infected plants, improving and utilizing chemical controls, as well as development of biological controls, sanitation techniques, and other strategies to limit the negative impact of Aphelenchoides.

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Table 1. Reported plant hosts of Aphelenchoides fragariae, A. ritzemabosi, and A. besseyi. Helpful hint: Use your browser’s "Find" function and search by family or genus to quickly find a host of interest.

Host genus	Host species	Common name	Host family	Nematode species	Refs.
Abelia	x. grandiflora (Rovelli ex André) Rehd.	glossy abelia	Caprifoliaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Achillea	filipendulina Lam.	fernleaf yarrow	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Achillea	millefolium L.	milfoil, common yarrow	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Achimenes	sp.	magic flowers, widow's tears	Gesneriaceae	A. fragariae	(2)
Aconitum	lycoctonum L.	monkshood, wolfsbane	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Aconitum	napellus L.	monkshood, aconite, blue-rocket	Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Acrostichum	flagelliferum Wall.		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Actaea	japonica Thunb.		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Actaea	pachypoda Elliott	white baneberry, doll's-eyes, white cohosh	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Actaea	rubra (Aiton.) Willd.	red baneberry, snakeberry	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Actaea	spicata L.	baneberry	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Adenostyles	alpina (L.) Bluff & Fingerh.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Adiantum	aethiopicum L.	common maidenhair fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18,65)
Adiantum	anceps Maxon & C. V. Morton	double edge maidenhair fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(8)
Adiantum	capillus-veneris L.	southern maidenhair, Venus maidenhair, Venus' hair fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Adiantum	pedatum L.	northern maidenhair fern, five-finger fern, pointerweed	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Adiantum	peruvianum Klotzsch	silver dollar maidenhair fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Adiantum	polyphyllum Willd.	giant maidenhair fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Adiantum	seemanii Hook		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Adiantum	tenerum Sw.	brittle maidenhair, fan maidenhair fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Adiantum	trapeziforme L.	diamond maidenhair, giant maidenhair fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Adiantum	sp.		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(8)
Aegopodium	podagraria L.	bishop's weed, ashweed, goutweed	Apiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Agastache	sp.		Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Agastache	foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze	blue giant hyssop, anise hyssop, licorice-mint	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Ageratum	conyzoides L.	tropical whiteweed, billygoat-weed, goatweed	Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Ageratum	houstonianum Mill.	ageratum, bluemink, blue billygoat-weed	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Alchemilla	mollis (Buser) Rothm.	lady's-mantle	Rosaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(36)
Allium	flavum L.	yellow onion	Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Allium	sativum L.	cultivated garlic	Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Allium	sikkimense Baker	chives, ornamental onion	Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Alstroemeria	sp.	lily of the Incas	Alstroemeriaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(36)
Amaranthus	sp.	pigweed	Amaranthaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(6)
Ampelopsis	quinquefolia (L.) Planch.	Virginia creeper	Vitaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Anacyclus	pyrethrum (L.) Link	Spanish pellitory	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Anchusa	caespitosa Lam.	tufted anchusa	Boraginaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Anemia	collina Raddi		Anemiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Anemia	phyllitidis (L.) Sw.		Anemiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Anemia	tomentosa (Savigny) Sw.	hairy flowering fern	Anemiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Anemone	alpina L.	alpine windflower	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Anemone	angulosa Lam.		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Anemone	coronaria L.	lilies-of-the-field	Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Anemone	flaccida F. Schmidt		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Anemone	halleri All.		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Anemone	hepatica L.		Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,29)
Anemone	hupehensis Lemoine var. hupehensis		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Anemone	hupehensis Lemoine var. japonica (Thunb.) Bowles & Stearn	Japanese anemone, Japanese windflower	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Anemone	nemorosa L.	European wood anemone, European thimbleweed	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Anemone	ranunculoides L.		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Anemone	sylvestris L.	snowdrop windflower	Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,29)
Anemone	vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC.		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Anemone	x hybrida Paxton	Japanese anemone	Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(35)
Angelica	gigas Nakai	Korean angelica	Apiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Anigozanthos	sp.	kangaroo paws	Haemodoraceae	A. fragariae	(50)
Anthemis	nobilis L.	Roman chamomile	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Anthemis	tinctoria L.	golden chamomile, golden marguerite, yellow chamomile	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Anthriscus	sylvestris (L.) Hoffmann	wild chervil, cow-parsley, keck	Apiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Anthurium	acaule (Jacq.) Schott		Araceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Anthurium	andraeanum Linden ex André	flamingo-lily, oilcloth-flower	Araceae	A. fragariae	(23)
Anthurium	salviniae Hemsl.		Araceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Anthurium	scherzerianum Schott	flamingo flower	Araceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Antirrhinum	majus L.	snapdragon	Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Apium	graveolens L.	celery	Apiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Aquilegia	longissima A. Gray ex S. Watson	longspur columbine	Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Aquilegia	vulgaris L.	columbine, European columbine, granny's-bonnet	Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Arabis	aubrietioides Boiss.	rockcress	Brassicaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Arachniodes	simplicior (Makino) Ohwi	simpler hollyfern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Araujia	sericifera Brot.	white bladderflower, cruelplant, moth-catcher	Asclepiadaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Argyranthemum	frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip.	marguerite, Paris daisy, white marguerite	Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Arisaema	amurense Maxim.		Araceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Arisaema	ringens (Thunb.) Schott.	cobra lily	Araceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Artemisia	vulgaris L.	artemisia, common wormwood, mugwort	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Arthropodium	cirrhatum (G. Forst.) R. Br.	rock lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Asarum	canadense L.	American wild ginger, Canadian snakeroot, wild ginger	Aristolochiaceae	unknown species	(75)
Asarum	europaeum L.	European wild ginger, asarabacca	Aristolochiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Asarum	maximum Hemsl.	giant wild ginger	Aristolochiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Aspidium	barteri J.Sm.		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Asplenium	adiantum-nigrum L.	black spleenwort	Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Asplenium	bulbiferum G. Forst.	mother spleenwort, mother fern	Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(18,35)
Asplenium	ceterach L.		Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Asplenium	daucifolium Lam.	Mauritius spleenwort	Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Asplenium	decussatum Sw.		Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Asplenium	dimorphum Kunze		Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Asplenium	diversifolium Bl.		Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Asplenium	dumosis		Aspleniaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Asplenium	jamaicense Jenm.		Aspleniaceae	A. besseyi, A. fragariae	(12)
Asplenium	nidus L.	birdnest fern, nest fern	Aspleniaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18,65)
Asplenium	oblongifolium Colenso.	New Zealand shining spleenwort	Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Asplenium	scolopendrium L. var. americanum (Fernald) Kartesz & Gandhi	American hart's tongue fern	Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Asplenium	sp.		Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(29)
Asplenium	squamosum L.		Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Asplenium	trichomanes L.	maidenhair spleenwort	Aspleniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Aster	alpinus L.	alpine aster	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Aster	caucasicus Willd.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Aster	pattersonii Gray	Bigelow's tansyaster	Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Aster	sp.		Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Aster	tripolium L.	sea aster, sea starwort	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Astilbe	astilboides (Maxim.) Lemoine	astilbe	Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Astrantia	biebersteinii Fisch. & Mey.		Apiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Astrantia	carniolica Jacq.	dwarf masterwort	Apiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Astrantia	major L.	astrantia, greater masterwort	Apiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Athyrium	felix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mert.	common ladyfern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Athyrium	umbrosum (Ait.) Presl.		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Barleria	cristata L.	barureria, crested Philippine violet	Acanthaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Begonia	cucullata Willd. var. cucullata	wax begonia	Begoniaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Begonia	dregei Otto & Dietrich	grape-leaf begonia, maple-leaf begonia	Begoniaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Begonia	foliosa Kunth var. miniata (Planch. & Linden) L. B. Sm. & B. G. Schub.	fuchsia begonia	Begoniaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Begonia	rex Putz.	rex begonia, king begonia, painted-leaf begonia	Begoniaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Begonia	x hiemalis Fotsch	rieger begonia, winter-flowering begonia, elatior begonia	Begoniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Begonia	rex-cultorum L.H. Bailey	cultivated rex begonia, beefsteak-geranium	Begoniaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Bellis	perennis L.	daisy, English daisy	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Bergenia	crassifolia (L.) Fritsch	Siberian tea	Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18,35)
Bergenia	pacumbis (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) C. Y. Wu & J. T. Pan		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Bergenia	purpurascens (Hook. f. & Thomson) Engl.		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Bergenia	sp.		Saxifragaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(53)
Blainvillea	acmella (L.) Philipson		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Blechnum	brasiliense Desv.		Blechnaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Blechnum	cartilagineum Swartz	gristle fern	Blechnaceae	A. fragariae	(18,65)
Blechnum	fraxineum Willd.		Blechnaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Blechnum	gibbum (Lab.) Mett.	silver lady fern, dwarf tree fern	Blechnaceae	A. fragariae	(5,65)
Blechnum	moorei C.Chr.	Brazilian tree fern	Blechnaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Blechnum	patersonii (R.Br.) Mett.	Strap water fern	Blechnaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Bletilla	striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f.	hyacinth orchid, peacock orchid	Orchidaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Bolbitis	heteroclita (C. Presl) Ching		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Bouvardia	longiflora (Cav.) Kunth		ritzemabosi	A. fragariae	(35)
Bouvardia	sp.		Rubiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Boykinia	aconitifolia Nutt.		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Brassica	oleracea L. var. capitata L.	cabbage, red cabbage, white cabbage	Brassicaceae	Aphelenchoides sp.	(5)
Brunnera	macrophylla (Adams) I. M. Johnst.	brunnera, perrenial forget-me-not, Siberian bugloss	Boraginaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Buddleja	alternifolia Maxim.		Buddlejaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Buddleja	colvilei Hook. f. & Thomson		Buddlejaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Buddleja	davidii Franch.	butterfly bush, summer lilac, orange-eye	Buddlejaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Buddleja	davidii Franch.	butterfly bush, summer lilac, orange-eye	Buddlejaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Buddleja	fallowiana Balf. f. & W. W. Sm.		Buddlejaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Buddleja	globosa Hope	orange ball tree	Buddlejaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Bunias	orientalis L.	hill mustard	Brassicaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Cabomba	caroliniana A. Gray	Carolina fanwort, Carolina water shield, fish grass	Cabombaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Calamintha	nepeta (L.) Savi	lesser calamint	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Calceolaria	×herbeohybrida Voss	pocketbook flower, pocketbook plant, slipperflower	Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Calceolaria	sp.		Scrophulariaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Calendula	officinalis L.	calendula, marigold, pot marigold	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Callistephus	chinensis (L.) Nees	annual aster, China aster	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Caltha	palustris L.	cowslip, marsh marigold, meadow bright	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Calystegia	sepium (L.) R. Br.	bindweed, wild morning glory, hedge bindweed	Convolvulaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Campanula	pyramidalis L.	chimney bellflower	Campanulaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Campanula	raddeana Trautv.		Campanulaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Campanula	rapunculoides L.	creeping bellflower, roving bellflower, European bellflower	Campanulaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(29,35)
Capsella	bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.	shepherd's purse	Brassicaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Centaurea	jacea L.	brown knapweed	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Centaurea	montana L.	mountain knapweed, mountain bluet, perennial cornflower	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Cerastium	fontanum Baumg. subsp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet	mouse ear chickweed	Caryophyllaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Ceratophyllum	demersum L.	hornwort, coontail	Ceratophyllaceae	A. fragariae	(12), (52)
Ceropteris	calomelanos (L.) Underw.			A. fragariae	(18)
Ceratostigma	willmottianum Stapf	Chinese plumbago	Plumbaginaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Cheilanthes	alabemensis (Buckl.) Kunze	Alabama lip fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Cheilanthes	argentea (S. G. Gmelin) Kunze	lip fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Cheilanthes	lanosa (Michx.) D. C. Eaton	hairy lip fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Cheilanthes	wrightii Hook.	Wright's lip fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Cheiranthus	sp.	wall-flower	Brassicaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Chelidonium	majus L.	celandine, swallowwort	Papaveraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Chelone	lyonii Pursh	turtlehead	Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Chenopodium	album L.	lamb's quarters, white goosefoot, fat hen	Chenopodiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Chloranthus	spicatus (Thunb.) Makino	chulantree	Chloranthaceae	A. fragariae	(78)
Chlorophytum	capense (L.) Voss		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Chrysanthemum	hortorum W. Mill.	garden chrysanthemum	Asteraceae	Aphelenchoides sp.	(5,29)
Chrysanthemum	indicum L.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,29)
Chrysanthemum	×morifolium Ramat.	chrysanthemum, mum, florist's chrysanthemum	Asteraceae	A. besseyi, A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Chrysanthemum	sp.		Asteraceae	A. besseyi	(42)
Chrysanthemum	sp.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(12)
Chrysanthemum	zawadskii Herbich subsp. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitag.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Chrysogonum	virginianum L.	green and gold	Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Cibotium	sp.		Dicksoniaceae	A. besseyi	(12)
Cirsium	arvense (L.) Scop.	California thistle, creeping thistle, Canadian thistle	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Clematis	alpina (L.) Mill.		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae, A ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Clematis	heracleifolia DC.	hyacinth-flower clematis	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Clematis	tangutica (Maxim.) Korsh.		Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Clematis	vitalba L.	old man's beard, traveler's joy	Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Cochlearia	officinalis L.	scurvy grass, spoonwort	Brassicaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Colchicum	sp.		Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18,29)
Coniogramme	japonica (Thunb.) Diels		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Convallaria	majalis L.	lily-of-the-valley	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Convolvulus	arvensis L.	field bindweed	Convolvulaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Cornus	canadensis L.	creeping dogwood, dwarf cornel, bunchberry	Cornaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Cornus	florida L.	flowering dogwood, eastern flowering dogwood	Cornaceae	A. fragariae	(9)
Crassula	coccinea L.		Crassulaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Crassula	sp.		Crassulaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Crossandra	infundibuliformis (L.) Nees	firecracker plant, firecracker flower, shamrock	Acanthaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Cryptophragmium	zeylanicum		Acanthaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Cucumis	sativus L.	cucumber, gherkin	Cucurbitaceae	A. besseyi	(30)
Cyathea	cooperi (Hook. ex F. Muell.) Domin	Australian tree fern, straw tree fern	Cyatheaceae	A. fragariae	(63)
Cyclamen	persicum Mill.	florist's cyclamen	Primulaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Cyclamen	sp.		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Cymbidium	sp.		Orchidaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Cyperus	alternifolius L.		Cyperaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Cyperus	iria L.	grasshopper's cyperus, rice flat sedge, umbrella sedge	Cyperaceae	A. besseyi	(18)
Cypripedium	sp.		Orchidaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Cystopteris	bulbifera (L.) Bernh.	bulblet bladder fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Cystopteris	fragilis (L.) Bernh.	brittle fern, fragile fern, brittle bladderfern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Dahlia	pinnata Cav.		Asteraceae	A. besseyi, A. fragariae, A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Dahlia	sp.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Davallia	canariensis (L.) Sm.	deer-foot fern	Davalliaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Davallia	denticulata (Burm. f.) Mett. ex Kuhn		Davalliaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Davallia	fijiensis Hook	hare's-foot fern, rabbit's-foot fern	Davalliaceae	A. fragariae	(65)
Davallia	solida (Forst. ) Sw.	sturdy davallia	Davalliaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Davallia	trichomanoides Blume	squirrel's foot fern	Davalliaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Delphinium	sp.		Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Dianella	revolutum		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Dianthus	caryophyllus L.	carnation, clove pink, border carnation	Caryophyllaceae	Aphelenchoides sp.	(5, 29)
Diervilla	sp.		Caprifoliaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Digitalis	grandiflora Mill.	yellow foxglove, large yellow foxglove	Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Digitalis	purpurea L.	foxglove	Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18,35)
Digitalis	sanguinalis		Scrophulariaceae	A. besseyi	(18)
Digitalis	sp.		Scrophulariaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dioscorea	trifida L. f.	cush-cush, cush-cush yam, mapuey	Dioscoreaceae	A. besseyi	(31)
Diphylleia	cymosa Michx.	umbrella leaf	Berberidaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Diplazium	arboreum (Desr. ) Alston		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Diplazium	cristatum (Desr. ) Alston	crested twinsorus fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Diplazium	dameriae Pic. Serm.		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Diplazium	esculentum (Retz.) Sw.		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(45)
Diplazium	expansum Willd.		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Diplazium	proliferum (Lam.) Thouars		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Diplazium	pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Broun	glade fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Disporum	lanuginosum (Michx.) G. Nicholson	yellow mandarin	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Doronicum	columnae Ten.	Eastern leopard's bane	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Doronicum	orientale Hoffm.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,18)
Doronicum	plantagineum L.		Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Doronicum	sp.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Dryopteris	affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk.	golden-scale male fern, scaly male fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dryopteris	affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk. subsp. borreri (Newman) Fraser-Jenk.	Borrer's scaly male fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Dryopteris	atrata (Wall. ex Kunze) Ching	shaggy shield fern, black wood fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dryopteris	boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw.	Boot's wood fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Dryopteris	carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs	narror buckler fern, spinulose wood fern, toothed wood fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Dryopteris	celsa (W. Palmer) Knowlt. et al.	log fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dryopteris	cycadina (Franch. & Sav.) C. Chr.	blackwood fern, shaggy wood fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dryopteris	dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray	broad buckler fern, broad wood fern, mountain wood fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dryopteris	erythrosora (D. C. Eaton) Kuntze	autumn fern, Japanese shield fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dryopteris	filix-mas (L.) Schott	male fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Dryopteris	fuscipes C. Chr.		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dryopteris	goldieana (Hook. ex Goldie) A. Gray	Goldie's fern, Goldie's wood fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dryopteris	hirtipes (Blume) Kuntze		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Dryopteris	lorentzii (Hieron.) C. Christ	wood fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dryopteris	marginalis (L.) A. Gray	marginal fern, marginal wood fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Dryopteris	remota (A. Braun ex Döll) Druce	scaly buckler fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Dryopteris	sp.		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Echinacea	purpurea (L.) Moench	Eastern purple coneflower, purple coneflower	Asteraceae	A. fragariae, A ritzemabosi	(18)
Echium	sp.		Boraginaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Elingamita	sp.		Myrsinaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Elsholtzi	ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl.	crested late summer mint	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Epilobium	montanum L.		Onagraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Epipactis	palustris (L.) Crantz	marsh orchid	Orchidaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Epiphyllum	sp.		Cactaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Epipremnum	pinnatum (L.) Engl.	golden pothos, Tongavine, variegated philodendron	Araceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Episcia	lilacina Hanst.	flame violet	Gesneriaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Erechtites	praealta Raf.		Asteraceae	A. besseyi	(18)
Eremurus	stenophyllus (Boiss. & Buhse) Baker		Asphodelaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Erigeron	albidus (Willd. ex Spreng.) A.Gray		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Erigeron	atticus Vill.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Erigeron	glabellus Nutt.	streamside fleabane	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Erigeron	hybridus Bergmans		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Erigeron	uniflorus L.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Eryngium	alpinum L.		Apiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Erysimum	perofskianum Fisch. & C. A. Mey.		Brassicaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Fatsia	japonica (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch.	fatsi, glossyleaf paperplant, Japanese fatsia	Araliaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Fatsia	sp.		Araliaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(12)
Ficus	benjamina L.	benjamin tree, Java fig, weeping fig	Moraceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Ficus	benjamina L. var. comosa (Roxb.) Kurz		Moraceae	Aphelenchoides sp.	(5)
Ficus	elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.	India rubber fig, Indian rubber tree, rubber tree	Moraceae	A. besseyi, A. fragariae	(18,42)
Ficus	macrophylla Desf. ex Pers.	Moreton Bay fig	Moraceae	A. fragariae	(49)
Ficus	pumila L.		Moraceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Ficus	sagittata Vahl	trailing fig	Moraceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Forsythia	suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl	forsythia, goldenbells, weeping forsythia	Oleaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Fragaria	chiloensis (L.) Mill.	beach strawberry, Chilean strawberry	Rosaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Fragaria	sp.		Rosaceae	A. besseyi	(41)
Fragaria	sp.		Rosaceae	A. ritzemabosi and A. fragariae	(35)
Fragaria	vesca L.	European strawberry, wild strawberry, woodland strawberry	Rosaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Fragaria	×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier	garden strawberry, strawberry	Rosaceae	A. besseyi, A. fragariae, A. ritzemabosi	(18,30)
Fuchsia	sp.		Onagraceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Gaillardia	×grandiflora hort. ex Van Houtte		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Galium	aparine L.	catchweed bedstraw, cleavers, goose grass	Rubiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Gardenia	jasminoides J. Ellis	Cape jessamine, jasmin	Rubiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Geranium	macrorrhizum L.	bigroot geranium, Bulgarian geranium, rock crane's-bill	Geraniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Geranium	maculatum L.	spotted geranium, wild geranium	Geraniaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Geranium	maderense Yeo		Geraniaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Geranium	subcaulescens L'Hér. ex DC.		Geraniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Gerbera	jamesoni Bolus ex Hooker f.		Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Glandularia	tenera (Spreng.) Cabrera		Verbenaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Glechoma	hederacea L.		Lamiaceae	A. fragariae, A ritzemabosi	(18)
Gloxinia	nematanthodes (O.Kuntze) Wiehler		Geraniaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Gloxinia	sp.		Gesneriaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Gomphrena	globosa L.	bachelor's button, common globe amaranth	Amaranthaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Goniolimon	speciosum (L.) Boiss.		Plumbaginaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Gunnera	sp.		Gunneraceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Gunnera	tinctoria (Molina) Mirb.		Grossulariaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Gymnostachyum	ceylanicum		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Gypsophila	cerastoides D. Don		Caryophyllaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Helenium	autumnale L.	common sneezeweed	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Helianthus	annuus L.	sunflower	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Helianthus	decapetalus L.	ten petals sunflower, thin leaf sunflower	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Helianthus	sp.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Helianthus	tuberosus L.	Jerusalem artichoke	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Helichrysum	sp.		Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Heliopsis	helianthoides (L.) Sweet	false sunflower, oxeye	Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Heliopsis	helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fernald		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Helleborus	antiquorum A. Braun	ancient hellebore	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Helleborus	cyclophyllus Boissier		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Helleborus	foetidus L.	stinking hellebore	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Helleborus	intermedius Host.		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Helleborus	niger L.	black helleborus, Christmas rose	Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18,35)
Helleborus	olympicus Lindl.		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Helleborus	orientalis Lam.	lenten rose	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Helleborus	orientalis Lam. ssp. abchasicus (A. Braun) B.Mathew		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Hemerocallis	sp.		Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Hemigraphis	colorata (Blume) H. G. Hallier	broad leaf hemigraphis	Acanthaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Hepatica	acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson	sharp-lobed hepatica, sharp-lobed liverleaf	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Heuchera	sanguinea Engelm.	coral bells	Saxifragaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,29)
Hibiscus	rosa-sinensis L.	Chinese hibiscus, Hawaiian hibiscus, rose of China	Malvaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Horminum	pyrenaicum L.	dragon mouth, Pyrenean dead nettle	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Hortensia	sp.		Hydrangeaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Hosta	sp.		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(48)
Hyacinthoides	hispanica (Mill.) Rothm.		Hyacinthaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Hydrangea	macrophylla		Hydrangeaceae	A. besseyi	(18)
Hydrangea	macrophylla		Hydrangeaceae	A. fragariae	(10)
Hydrangea	macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. subsp. macrophylla	hortensia, lacecap hydrangea	Hydrangeaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Hydrilla	verticillata (L. f.) Royle	Florida elodea, Indian stargrass, water thyme	Hydrocharitaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Hydrophyllum	canadense L.		Hydrophyllaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Hydrophyllum	virginianum L.	John's cabbage, Virginia waterleaf	Hydrophyllaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Hylotelephium	telephioides (Michx.) H. Ohba	Allegheny stonecrop	Crassulaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Hylotelephium	telephium (L.) H. Ohba subsp. maximum (L.) H. Ohba	witch's moneybags	Crassulaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Hymenoxys	hoopesii (A. Gray) Bierner		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Impatiens	balfourii Hook. f.		Balsaminaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Impatiens	balsamina L.	garden balsam, rose balsam, touch-me-not	Balsaminaceae	A. besseyi, A. fragariae	(18)
Incarvillea	delavayi Bureau & Franch.		Bignoniaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Ipomoea	alba L.	moonflower	Convolvulaceae	Aphelenchoides sp.	(5)
Ipomoea	purpurea (L.) Roth	common morning glory, tall morning glory	Convolvulaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Iris	ensata Thunb.	Japanese iris, Japanese water iris, sword leaf iris	Iridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Iris	sp.		Iridaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5), (35)
Isatis	tinctoria L.	dyer's woad, woad	Brassicaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Jasminum	simplicifolium G.Forst.	wax jasmine, Australian wax jasmine	Oleaceae	A. besseyi	(63)
Jasminum	sp.		Oleaceae	A. besseyi	(12)
Jeffersonia	dubia (Maxim.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Baker & S. Moore	twin leaf	Berberidaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Jovellana	sinclairii (Hook.) Kraenzl.		Calceolariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29,35)
Kalanchoe	coccinea Welw. ex Britten		Crassulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Knautia	arvensis (L.) Coult.	bluebuttons, field scabious, gypsy's rose	Dipsacaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Knautia	macedonica Griseb.	crimson scabious	Dipsacaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Lactuca	sativa L.	garden lettuce, lettuce	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Lamium	album L.	white dead-nettle, white nettle	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,29)
Lamium	galeobdolon L.	yellow archangel	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Lamium	maculatum L.	spotted dead-nettle	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(29,37)
Lamium	purpureum L.	purple dead-nettle, red archangel, red dead-nettle	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18,35)
Lantana	camara L.	lantana	Verbenaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Lantana	sp.	lantana, wild sage	Verbenaceae	A. fragariae	(5,35)
Lapageria	rosea Ruiz & Pav.	Chilean bellflower	Philesiaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Lavandula	angustifolia Mill. subsp. angustifolia		Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Lavandula	dentata L.	French lavender	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Lemna	sp.		Lemnaceae	A. besseyi, A. fragariae	(12)
Leucanthemum	maximum Ramond		Asteraceae	A. besseyi, A. ritzemabosi	(18), (6)
Leucanthemum	vulgare Lam.	moon daisy, oxeye daisy, margriet	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Lewisia	sp.		Portulacaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Ligularia	stenocephala (Maxim.) Matsum. & Koidz.	ligularia	Asteraceae	Aphelenchoides sp.	(75)
Ligustrum	vulgare L.	common privet, European privet, privet	Oleaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Lilium	canadense L.	Canada lily, wild meadow lily, yellow bell lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Lilium	henryi Baker	Henry's lily	Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Lilium	humboldtii Roezl & Leichtlin ex Duch.	Humboldt lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Lilium	humboldtii x pardalinum		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Lilium	lancifolium Thunb.	tiger lily, devil lily, Easter lily	Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(35)
Lilium	longiflorum Thunb.	Easter lily, trumpet lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Lilium	pardalinum Kellogg subsp. pardalinum	leopard lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Lilium	philippinense Baker	Philippine lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Lilium	pumilum DC.	coral lily	Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Lilium	regale E. H. Wilson	regal lily, royal lily	Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18,35)
Lilium	sargentiae E. H. Wilson	Sargent lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Lilium	speciosum Thunb.	Japanese lily, showy lily, speciosum lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Lilium	sulphurgale		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Lilium	umbellatum Pursh	umbel lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Limnobium	spongia (Bosc) Steud.	American spongeplant, frog's bit	Hydrocharitaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Limnophila	sp.		Scrophulariaceae	A. fragariae	(57)
Limonium	bellidifolium (Gouan) Dumort.		Plumbaginaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Limonium	gerberi Soldano		Plumbaginaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,29,35)
Limonium	sinuatum (L.) Mill.	perennial sea-lavender	Plumbaginaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Limonium	vulgare Mill.		Plumbaginaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Liriope	muscari (Decne.) L. H. Bailey		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Liriope	spicata (Thunb.) Lour.	creeping liriope	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Lithodora	diffusa (Lag.) I. M. Johnst.	scrambling gromwell, shrubby gromwell	Boraginaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Lobelia	erinus L.		Campanulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Lophostemon	confertus (R. Br.) Peter G. Wilson & J. T. Waterh.	brush box, redbox, vinegar tree	Myrtaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Lotus	corniculatus L.	bird's-foot trefoil	Fabaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Lupinus	sp.		Fabaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Lycopersicon	esculentum Mill.	tomato	Solanaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18,35)
Lycopodium	clavatum L.	club moss, elk moss, ground-pine	Lycopodiaceae	A. besseyi	(12)
Lycoris	radiata (L'Hér.) Herbert		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Lygodium	circinatum (Burm.f.) Sw.		Schizaeaceae	A. besseyi, A. fragariae	(12,18)
Lygodium	volubile Sw.		Schizaeaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Macropiper	excelsum (G. Forst.) Miq. subsp. psittacorum (Endl.) Sykes		Piperaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Maianthemum	racemosum (L.) Link	large false Solomon's seal, Solomon's plume, treacle-berry	Ruscaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Maranta	leuconeura E. Morren	prayerplant, ten commandments	Marantaceae	A. fragariae	(53)
Marattia	salicifolia Schrad.	king fern	Marattiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Marattia	salicina Sm.in Rees	king fern, potato fern	Marattiaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Marchantia	sp.		Marchantiaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Marshallia	caespitosa Nutt. ex DC.		Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Matricaria	grandiflora (Hook.) Britt.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(32)
Matteuccia	orientalis (Hook.) Trevis.		Dryopteridaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Medicago	polymorpha L.	bur medic, hairy medic, toothed bur-clover	Fabaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Medicago	sativa L.		Fabaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Medicago	sativa L.		Fabaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18,35)
Mentha	×piperita L.	peppermint	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Mentha	spicata L.	spearmint	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Mertensia	sibirica (L.) G. Don		Boraginaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Microlepia	platyphylla (Don) J. Sm.	plate fern	Dennstaedtiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Mildella	nitidula (Wall. ex Hook.) Hall et Lell.		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Mimulus	guttatus DC.	common monkey-flower	Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Morina	longifolia Wall. ex DC.		Morinaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Musa	uranoscopos Lour.		Musaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Muscari	sp.		Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Myriophyllum	spicatum L.	Eurasian water-milfoil, spike water-milfoil	Haloragaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Najas	flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & W. L. E. Schmidt	slender naiad	Najadaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Narcissus	pseudonarcissus L.	common daffodil, trumpet narcissus	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Narcissus	sp.		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Nemesia	reptans		Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Nepeta	hederacea (L.) Trev	ground ivy	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Nephrolepis	biserrata (Sw.) Schott	giant sword fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Nephrolepis	exaltata (L.) Schott	Boston sword fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Nerine	sp.		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Nicotiana	alata Link & Otto	jasmine tobacco	Solanaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Nicotiana	rustica L.	native tobacco, wild tobacco, Aztec tobacco	Solanaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Nicotiana	sp.		Solanaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Nicotiana	tabacum L.	tobacco	Solanaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Nicotiana	virginiana		Solanaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Ocimum	basilicum L.	basil, sweet basil	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Ocimum	sp.		Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5)
Ocymum	sp.		Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Odontoglossum	sp.		Orchidaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Omphalodes	verna Moench	creeping forget-me-not, blue-eyed Mary	Boraginaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Orchidaceae	sp.		Orchidaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(12)
Oryza	sativa L.	rice, lowland rice, upland rice	Poaceae	A. besseyi	(18,30)
Osmunda	japonica Thunb.		Osmundaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Osmunda	regalis L.	royal fern	Osmundaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Oxalis	regnellii		Oxalidaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Paeonia	lactiflora Pall.	Chinese peony, common garden peony	Paeoniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Paeonia	lutea Delavay ex Franch.		Paeoniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Paeonia	mlokosewitschii Lomakin		Paeoniaceae	A. fragariae	(58)
Paeonia	officinalis L.	common peony, cottage peony, European peony	Paeoniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Paeonia	sp.		Paeoniaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,29)
Paeonia	suffruticosa Andrews	moutan peony, tree peony	Paeoniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Paeonia	wittmanniana Lindl.		Paeoniaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Papaver	orientale L.	Oriental poppy	Papaveraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Paphiopedilum	dayanum (Lindl.) Stein		Orchidaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Paphiopedilum	sp.		Orchidaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Paris	quadrifolia L.	herb-Paris	Melanthiaceae	A. fragariae	(2)
Passiflora	edulis Sims	purple granadilla, grenadella	Passifloraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Pelargonium	sp.		Geraniaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Pellaea	nitidula (Hook.) Wall. ex Bak.		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Pellaea	viridis (Forssk.) Prantl		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(65)
Peltiphyllum	peltatum (Torr.) Engl.	umbrella plant, Indian rhubarb	Saxifragaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Penstemon	barbatus (Cav.) Roth		Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,29)
Penstemon	gentianoides (Kunth) Poir.		Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,29)
Penstemon	hirsutus (L.) Willd.	hairy beardtongue, northeastern beardtongue	Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Penstemon	laevigatus Aiton	eastern smooth beardtongue	Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Penstemon	neomexicanus Woot. & Standl.	New Mexico beardtongue	Scrophulariaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pentas	lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers	Egyptian star-cluster, star-cluster	Rubiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Peperomia	argyreia (Miq.) E. Morren	watermelon pepper, watermelon-begonia	Piperaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(12)
Peperomia	caperata Yunck.	emerald ripple pepper, green ripple pepper, little fantasy pepper	Piperaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Peperomia	glabella (Sw.) A. Dietr.		Piperaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Peperomia	griseoargentea Yunck.	ivy pepper, platinum pepper, silverleaf pepper	Piperaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Peperomia	magnoliaefolia (Jacq.) A. Dietr.	desert privet	Piperaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Peplis	diandra Nutt. ex DC.		Lythraceae	A. fragariae	(57)
Pericallis	cruenta (Masson ex L'Hér.) Bolle		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Pericallis	x hybrida R. Nordenstam	florist's cineraria, cineraria	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Persicaria	maculosa Gray	lady's thumb, redshank, spotted lady's thumb	Polygonaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Petunia	sp.		Solanaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Phaseolus	vulgaris L.	bean	Fabaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Phegopteris	decursive-pinnata (H. C. Hall) Fee	winged beech fern, Japanese beech fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Phlebodium	aureum (L.) J. Sm.	gold-foot fern, golden polypody, rabbit's foot fern	Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(5,65)
Phlebodium	pseudoaureum (Cav.) Lellinger		Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Phlox	amoena Sims	hairy phlox	Polemoniaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Phlox	decussata Lyon ex Pursh		Polemoniaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Phlox	douglasii Hook.		Polemoniaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Phlox	drummondii Hook.	annual phlox, Drummond's phlox, pride-of-Texas	Polemoniaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5, 29)
Phlox	paniculata L.	fall phlox, garden phlox, summer phlox	Polemoniaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Phlox	subulata L.	moss phlox, moss pink, mountain phlox	Polemoniaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Phoenix	roebelenii O'Brien	pygmy date palm	Arecaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Phyllocactus	sp.		Cactaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Phymatodes	diversifolium (Willd.) Pich.Ser.		Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Phytolacca	icosandra L.	red inkplant, tropical pokeweed	Phytolaccaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Pinus	palustris Mill.	longleaf pine, pitch pine, southern yellow pine	Pinaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Pityrogramma	calomelanos (L.) Link	dixie silverback fern, silver fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pityrogramma	chrysophylla (Sw.) Link	island goldback fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(62)
Pityrogramma	triangularis (Kaulfuss)	goldback fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(62)
Plantago	lanceolata L.	buckhorn, ribgrass, ribwort plantain	Plantaginacea	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Plantago	major L.	broadleaf plantain, common plantain, grand plantain	Plantaginacea	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Platycerium	ellisii Baker	staghorn fern	Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Pluchea	odorata (L.) Cass. var. odorata		Asteraceae	A. besseyi	(18)
Poa	annua L.	annual bluegrass, annual meadow grass	Poaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Podophyllum	peltatum L.	American mandrake, mayapple	Berberidaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Podophyllum	pleianthum Hance		Berberidaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Polianthes	tuberosa L.	tuberose	Agavaceae	A. besseyi	(3)
Polianthes	tuberosa L.	tuberose	Agavaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29,46)
Polypodium	brasiliense Poir.	angle-vein fern	Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Polypodium	percussum Cav.		Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Polypodium	phymatodes L.		Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Polypodium	punctatum (L.) Sw.	dwarf elkhorn fern	Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Polypodium	repens Aubl.		Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Polypodium	vulgare L.	golden maidenhair, wall fern, common polypody	Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Polystichum	acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott	Christmas fern, dagger fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Polystichum	braunii (Spenn.) Fée	Braun's holly fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Polystichum	munitum (Kaulf.) C. Presl	common sword fern, western sword fern	Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Polystichum	xiphophyllum (Bak.) Diels.		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Potamogeton	sp.		Potamogetonaceae	A. fragariae	(57)
Potentilla	alpina (Willk.) Zimmeter		Rosaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Potentilla	anserina L.	goose grass, silverweed cinquefoil, wild tansy	Rosaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Potentilla	fragiformis Willd. ex Schltdl.	strawberry cinquefoil	Rosaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Prenanthes	alba L.	rattlesnake root, white rattlesnake root, white lettuce	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Primula	anisiaca Stapf		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Primula	angustifolia var. helenae Pollard & Cockerell		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Primula	auricula L.	auricula, dusty miller, bear's ear	Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Primula	beesiana Forr.	candelabra primula	Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Primula	denticulata Sm.	drumstick primula	Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Primula	denticulata cachemiriana		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Primula	flaccida N. P. Balakr.		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Primula	japonica A. Gray		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Primula	luteola Ruprecht		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Primula	malacoides Franch.	baby primrose, fairy primrose	Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Primula	obconica Hance	German primrose, poison primrose	Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Primula	×polyantha Mill.	polyanthus primula	Primulaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Primula	pulverulenta Duthie		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Primula	rosea Royle		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Primula	wanda		Primulaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Primula	wilsonii Dunn		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Prosartes	maculata (Buckley) A. Gray		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Prunus	cerasus L.	sour cherry, tart cherry, pie cherry	Rosaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Psychotria	nervosa Sw.		Rubiaceae	A. fragariae	(39)
Pteris	alexandriae		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Pteris	altissima Poir.	tall brake	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pteris	altissima repandula		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Pteris	biaurita allosora		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pteris	biaurita var. repandula (Link) Kauh		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pteris	cretica L.	Cretan brake	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5,65)
Pteris	dentata Forssk.		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Pteris	denticulata Sw.	toothed brake	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Pteris	droogmansiana		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pteris	longifolia L.		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Pteris	multifida Poir.	Chinese brake, spider brake, spider fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Pteris	ouvrardi		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pteris	pellucida C.Presl		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Pteris	podophylla Sw.		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pteris	quadriaurita Retz.		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18,65)
Pteris	serrulata Forssk.		Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pteris	tremula R. Br.	Australian brake, shaking brake, tender brake fern	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(5,65)
Pteris	umbrosa R. Br.	jungle brake	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pteris	vittata L.	Chinese brake, Chinese ladder brake, ladder brake	Pteridaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Pulmonaria	officinalis L.	hundreds-and-thousands, lungwort, Joseph-and-Mary	Boraginaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Pyrrosia	lingua (Thunb.) Farw.	felt fern, pyrrosia, tongue fern	Polypodiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Pyrus	sp.		Rosaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Ranunculus	acer L.		Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Ranunculus	acris L.	meadow buttercup, tall buttercup	Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Ranunculus	alpestris L.	alpine buttercup	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Ranunculus	auricomus L.		Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Ranunculus	montanus Willd.		Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Ranunculus	repens L.	creeping buttercup	Ranunculaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,35)
Ranunculus	speciosus Plenus.	large double buttercup	Ranunculaceae	A. fragariae	(59)
Rodgersia	podophylla A. Gray		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Rodgersia	purdomii hort.		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Rodgersia	sambucifolia Hemsl.		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Rheum	rhabarbarum L.	rhubarb	Polygonaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Rhododendron	indicum (L.) Sweet		Ericaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Rhododendron	sp.		Ericaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Ribes	nigrum L.	black currant	Grossulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5)
Ribes	rubrum L.	common currant, garden currant, red currant	Grossulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Ribes	sanguineum Pursh	red-flower currant, winter currant	Grossulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Ribes	uva-crispa L.	gooseberry	Grossulariaceae	A. fragariae, A. ritzemabosi	(5,29,35)
Rosa	sp.		Rosaceae	A. besseyi	(12)
Rubus	fruticosus auct. aggr.	European blackberry	Rosaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Rubus	idaeus L.	red raspberry	Rosaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18,35)
Rubus	taiwanicola Koidzumi & Ohwi	Taiwan raspberry	Rosaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Rubus	ursinus Cham. & Schltdl.	California blackberry, Pacific dewberry	Rosaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Rudbeckia	fulgida Aiton	orange coneflower	Asteraceae	ritzemabsoi	(18)
Rudbeckia	fulgida Aiton var. speciosa (Wender.) Perdue	orange coneflower	Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Rudbeckia	hirta L.	black-eyed-Susan	Asteraceae	A. besseyi	(12)
Rudbeckia	laciniata L.	cut-leaf coneflower, tall coneflower	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Rudbeckia	maxima Nutt.	cabbage coneflower, giant coneflower	Asteraceae	Aphelenchoides sp.	(75)
Rudbeckia	newmani Loud.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Rudbeckia	nitida Nutt.	black-eyed-Susan, shiny coneflower, St. John's-Susan	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Rumex	alpinus L.	alpine dock, butter dock, mountain rhubarb	Polygonaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Rumex	sagittatus Thunb.	climbing dock, rambling dock, turkey rhubarb	Polygonaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Ruscus	hypophyllum L.	Florida ruscus, Holland ruscus, Israeli ruscus	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(47)
Sagittaria	subulata (L.) Buchenau		Alismataceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Saintpaulia	ionantha H. Wendl.	African violet	Gesneriaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,18)
Saintpaulia	magungensis E.P.Roberts		Gesneriaceae	A. fragariae	(43)
Salix	reticulata L.		Salicaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Salvia	cacaliaefolia Benth.	ivy leaf sage, Guatemalan blue vine sage, Gentian leaf sage	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Salvia	chiapensis Fernald	meadow sage, Chiapas sage	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Salvia	corrugata Vahl.	sage	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Salvia	farinacea Benth.	mealy sage, mealy-cup sage	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Salvia	farreri var glechomifolia		Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Salvia	greggii A. Gray	autumn sage	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Salvia	microphylla Kunth	baby sage	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Salvia	officinalis L.	sage	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Salvia	pratensis L.	meadow clary, meadow sage	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Salvia	sp.		Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Salvia	splendens Sellow ex Schult.	bonfire salvia, scarlet sage	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Salvia	×superba Stapf	perennial sage	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Salvia	sylvestris L.	wild sage, woodland sage	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Salvia	uliginosa Benth	bog sage	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Sambucus	racemosa L.		Caprifoliaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Sansevieria	sp.		Agavaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Saxifraga	decipiens Ehrh.		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Saxifraga	peltata (Torr. ex Benth.) Voss	Indian rhubarb	Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Saxifraga	rotundifolia L.		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Saxifraga	stolonifera Meerb.	creeping saxifrage, roving sailor	Saxifragaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Saxifraga	x superba Rouy & Camus.		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(58)
Scabiosa	caucasica M. Bieb.		Saxifragaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Scabiosa	columbaria L.	pigeon's scabious, scabious	Saxifragaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Scabiosa	lucida Vill.		Saxifragaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(18)
Scabiosa	silenifolia Waldst. & Kit.		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Scilla	sp.		Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Scrophularia	vernalis L.	yellow figwort	Scrophulariaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Sempervivum	sp.		Crassulaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Senecio	alpinum		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Senecio	clivorum Maxim.		Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Senecio	nemorensis L.	alpine ragwort	Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Senecio	petasitis (Sims) DC.	velvet groundsel	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(35)
Senecio	vulgaris L.	common groundsel, groundsel	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5), (35)
Serapias	palustris (L.) Mill.		Orchidaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Setaria	viridis (L.) Beauv.		Poaceae	A. besseyi	(18)
Silene	elisabethae Jan	Elisabeth's campion	Caryophyllaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Silene	schafta S.G.Gmel. ex Hohen	moss campion	Caryophyllaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Sinningia	speciosa (Lodd. et al.) Hiern	florist's gloxinia, gloxinia, violet slipper gloxinia	Gesneriaceae	A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,35)
Sisyrinchium	palmifolium L.	bird of paradise	Iridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Solanum	nigrum L.	black nightshade, common nightshade, poison berry	Solanaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18,35)
Solenostemon	scutellarioides (L.) Codd	coleus, painted-nettle	Lamiaceae	A. besseyi	(18)
Solenostemon	scutellarioides (L.) Codd	coleus, painted-nettle	Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Solenostemon	sp.	coleus, painted-nettle	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Solidago	rupestris		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Sonchus	arvensis L.	perennial sow thistle, corn sow thistle	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Sonchus	oleraceus L.	annual sow thistle, hare's-lettuce	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18,35)
Spirea	aruncus L.		Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Sporobolus	indicus (L.) R. Br. var. indicus	smut grass	Poaceae	A. besseyi	(12)
Stachys	alopecuros (L.) Benth.	yellow betony	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Stachys	longifolia Benth.		Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Stachys	macrantha (K. Koch) Stearn		Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Stachys	officinalis (L.) Trevis.	bishop's-wort, purple betony, wood betony	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Stachys	palustris L.	hedge nettle, marsh betony, woundwort	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Stachys	riederi var. japonica Miq.		Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(33)
Stachys	sylvatica L.		Lamiaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Stellaria	media (L.) Vill.	chickweed	Caryophyllaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Stenochlaena	tenuifolia (Desv.) T. Moore	holly fern	Blechnaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Stenoglottis	longifolia Hook.f.		Orchidaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Strelitzia	reginae Aiton	bird-of-paradise, craneflower	Strelitziaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Streptocarpus	sp.		Gesneriaceae	A. fragariae	(1)
Strobilanthes	dyerianus Mast	Persian shield	Acanthaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Symphyotrichum	dumosum (L.) G. L. Nesom	rice button aster, bushy aster, long-stalk aster	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Symphyotrichum	ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom var. ericoides	white heath aster	Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Symphyotrichum	novi-belgii (L.) G. L. Nesom	New York aster, Michaelmas daisy	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Symphyotrichum	tradescantii (L.) G. L. Nesom	Trandescant's aster	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Symphytum	asperum Lepech.	prickly comfrey, rough comfrey	Boraginaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Symphytum	officinale L.	common comfrey, healing-herb, consound	Boraginaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Symphytum	officinale L.	common comfrey, healing-herb, consound	Boraginaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Symphytum	x uplandicum Nyman		Boraginaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Tagetes	sp.		Asteraceae	A. besseyi	(18)
Tagetes	sp.		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Tanacetum	balsamita L. subsp. balsamitoides (Sch. Bip.) Grierson		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Tanacetum	cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.	Dalmatia pyrethrum, Dalmatian insect flower, pyrethrum	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Tanacetum	coccineum (Willd.) Grierson	painted daisy, Persian insect-flower, pyrethrum	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Tanacetum	corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. subsp. corymbosum		Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Tanacetum	parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.	feverfew, altamisa	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Taraxacum	officinale F. H. Wigg. aggr.	dandelion, lion's-tooth	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Tectaria	barteri (J.Sm.) C.Chr.		Dryopteridaceae	Aphelenchoides sp.	(5)
Tectaria	heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw.		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Tectaria	polymorpha (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel.		Dryopteridaceae	Aphelenchoides sp.	(5)
Tectaria	siifolia (Willd.) Copel.		Dryopteridaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Tellima	grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl. ex Lindl.	bigflower tellima, fringe-cup	Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Teucrium	arduini L.		Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Teucrium	chamaedrys L.	wall germander	Lamiaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Thelypteris	dentata (Forsk) St.John.	maiden fern	Thelypteridaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Thelypteris	hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée	broad beechfern	Thelypteridaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Thelypteris	reptans (J.F. Gmel.) Morton	creeping maiden fern	Thelypteridaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Tiarella	cordifolia L.	foamflower	Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Tithonia	diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray	Mexican-sunflower, shrub sunflower	Asteraceae	A. besseyi	(18)
Todea	barbara (L.) T.Moore	todea fern	Osmundaceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Tolmiea	menziesii (Pursh.) Torr.& A.Gray.	piggyback plant, youth-on-age, thousand mothers	Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(65)
Torenia	fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.	bluewings, wishbone flower	Scrophulariaceae	A. besseyi	(18)
Tovara	virginiana (L.) Raf.	jump seed, painter's palette	Polygonaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Tradescantia	pallida (Rose) D. R. Hunt	purpleheart	Commelinaceae	A. besseyi	(12)
Tradescantia	virginiana L.	Virginia spiderwort, widow's-tears	Commelinaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Tradescantia	zebrina hort. ex Bosse	wandering-Jew, inchplant	Commelinaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Tricyrtis	hirta (Thunb.) Hook.	hairy toad lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Tricyrtis	macrantha Maxim.	toad lily	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Trientalis	borealis Raf.		Primulaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Trifolium	pratense L.	purple clover, red clover, peavine clover	Fabaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Trifolium	repens L.	Dutch clover, white clover, ladino clover	Fabaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Trillium	grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.	large white trillium	Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Trillium	rugelii Rendle	ill-scented wakerobin	Liliaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Triosteum	fargesii Franch.		Caprifoliaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Tulipa	sp.		Liliaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29)
Ulmus	sp.		Ulmaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Urtica	dioica L.		Urticaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Urtica	urens L.	burning nettle, dwarf nettle, small nettle	Urticaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Utricularia	foliosa L.		Lentibulariaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Valeriana	montana L.	mountain valerian	Valerianaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Vanda	sp.		Orchidaceae	A. besseyi, A. fragariae	(18)
Verbena	candensis (L.) Britton	rose verbena	Verbenaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Verbena	rigida Spreng. var. rigida		Verbenaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(5,29)
Verbena	tenuisecta Briq.	moss verbena	Verbenaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Verbena	x hybrida		Verbenaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Veronica	sp.		Scrophulariaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(29,35)
Veronica	agrestis L.	field speedwell	Verbenaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Veronica	grandis Fisch. ex Spreng.	heartleaf speedwell	Verbenaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Veronica	incana L.		Verbenaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Veronica	spicata L.	spiked speedwell	Verbenaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Veronica	spicata		Verbenaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Viburnum	×bodnantense Aberc.		Adoxaceae	A. ritzemabosi	(59)
Viola	odorata L.	English violet, garden violet, sweet violet	Violaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Viola	sp.		Violaceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Viola	uliginosa Besser		Violaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Vitex	negundo L.	Chinese chastetree, five-leaf chastetree	Verbenaceae	A. fragariae	(12)
Waldsteinia	fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt.	barren strawberry	Rosaceae	A. fragariae	(74)
Woodwardia	fimbriata Sm.	giant chain fern	Blechnaceae	A. fragariae	(18)
Wulfenia	carinthiaca Jacq.	cow’s footstep wulfenia	Plantaginacea	A. fragariae	(53)
x Heucherella	sp.	heucherella, foamy bells	Saxifragaceae	A. fragariae	(44)
Xanthium	strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray	cocklebur	Asteraceae	A. fragariae	(5)
Zantedeschia	aethiopica (L.) Spreng.	calla-lily, arum-lily, trumpet-lily	Araceae	A. fragariae	(35)
Zinnia	haageana Regel	Mexican zinnia, panochit	Asteraceae	A. ritzemabosi	(18)
Zinnia	violacea Cav.	common zinnia, youth-and-old-age	Asteraceae	A. besseyi, A. ritzemabosi, A. fragariae	(5,18)​