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Diseases of Cacao
(Theobroma cacao L.)

L. H. Purdy, R. A. Schmidt, and K. P. Gramacho, primary collators (last update 10/30/98)

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Crown gall

Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn. 

(artificial inoculations)

Stripe

Erwinia caratovora (L. R. Jones) Bergy et al.

FUNGAL DISEASES

Anthracnose

Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & Shrenk.

Armillaria root rot

Armillaria mellea (Vahl: Fr.) Karsten

Black pod

Phytophthora capsici Leonian

P. citrophthora (R. E. Sm. & E. H. Sm.) Leonian

P. heveae A. Thompson

P. megakarya Brasier & Griffin

P. palmivora (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler

Black root

Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Br.) Sacc.

R. pepo Pat.

Brown root

Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. H. Cunn.

Canker

Phytophthora citrophthora (R. E. Sm. & E. H. Sm.) Leonian

P. palmivora (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler

Ceratocytis fimbriata Ellis & Halst.

Ceratocystis wilt

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst.

C. moniliformis (Hedgc.) C. Moreau

C. paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau

Collar crack

Armillariella mellea (Vahl: Fr.) P. Kumm.

A. tabescens (Scop.) Dennis, Horton & Hora

Collar rot

Ustilina deusta (Hoffm.: Fr.) Lind

Crinipellis pod rot

Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer

Cushion gall (green-point gall)

Nectria rigidiuscula Berk. & Broome

(Fusarium decemcellulare C. Brick. – syn)

Dieback

Physiological, stress induced, more than 80 fungal species associated with this syndrome

Horse hair blight

Crinipellis sarmentosa (Berk.) Singer

Lasiodiplodia pod rot

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. – syn.)

Leaf anthracnose

Colletotrichum spp.

Macrophoma pod rot

Macrophoma spp.

Moniliophthora pod rot

Moniliophthora roreri (Ciferri & Parodi) Evans, et al.

Phytophthora pod rot

Phytophthora capsici Leonian

P. citrophthora (R. E. Sm. & E. H. Sm.) Leonian

P. heveae A. Thompson

P. megakarya Brasier & Griffin

P. palmivora (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler

Pink disease

Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burdsall

Sudden death

Verticillium dahliae Kleb.

Mycoleptodiscus terrestris (J. W. Gerdemann) Ostazeski

Thread blight

Ceratobasidium koleroga (Cooke) Höhn.

Trachysphaera pot rot (mealy pod)

Trachysphaera fructigena Tabor & Bunting

Vascular streak dieback

Oncobasidium theobromae Talbot & Keane

Violet root rot

Nectria mauritiicola (Henn.) Seifert & Samuels

(Sphaerostilbe repens Berk. M. A. Curtis syn)

Wet root rot

Ganoderma philippii (Bres. & Henn.:Sacc.) Bres.

White root rot

Rigidiporus microporus (SW,: Fr.) Overeem

(R. lignosus (Klotzsch) Imazeki syn.)

White thread

Maramiellus scandems (Massee) Dennis & Reid

Witches’ broom

Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES

Algal disease

Cephaleuros virescens Kunze

Cherelle wilt

Physiological, no specific pathogen involved

PARASITIC NEMATODES

Awl nematode

Dolichodorus spp.

Cyst nematode

Heterodera spp.

Dagger nematode

Xiphinema spp.

Lesion nematode

Pratylenchus spp.

Reniform nematode

Rotylenchulus spp.

Ring nematode

Hoplolaimus spp.

Root-knot nematode

Meloidogyne spp.

Spiral nematode

Helicotylencus spp.

Stubby root nematode

Trichodorus spp.

PARASITIC HIGHER PLANTS

Mistletoe

Denrophthora spp.

Loranthus spp.

Oryctanthus spp.

Phoradendron spp.

Phthirusa spp.

Tapinanthus spp.

VIRUS & VIROID DISEASES

Cacao swollen shoot

Cacao swollen-shoot badnovirus (CSSV)

Cacao yellow mosaic

Cacao yellow mosaic tymovirus (CYMV)

Cacao necrosis

Cacao necrosis nepovirus (CNV)