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Diseases of Soybean
(Glycine max [L.] Merr.)

Glen L. Hartman, collator (last update: 6/25/15)

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Bacillus seed decay

Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn

Bacterial blight

Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea (Coerper) Gardan et al.

       (syn. P. syringae pv. glycinea [Coerper] Young et al.)

Bacterial pustule

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Nakano) Vauterin et al.

Bacterial tan spot

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins & Jones

Bacterial wilt

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins & Jones

Ralstonia solanacearum (E. F. Smith) Yabuuchi et al.

       (syn. Pseudomonas solanacearum [Smith] Smith)

Wildfire

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Wolf & Forster) Young et al.

Other Bacteria Known to Infect Soybean

Burkholderia andropogonis (E. F. Smith) Gillis et al.

Curtobacterium plantarum Dunleavy

Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al.

E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica (van Hall) Dye

Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola (Burkholder) Gardan et al.

P. syringae pv. syringae van Hall

Xanthomonas campestris pv. cannabis Severin

FUNGAL DISEASES

Foliage, Upper Stems, Pods, and Seeds

Alternaria leaf spot, pod necrosis, and seed decay

Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.

A. atrans W. Gibson

A. tenuissima (Nees & T. Nees:Fr.) Wiltshire

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum chlorophyti S. Chandra & Tandon

C. coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes

C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.

       (syn. Glomerella cingulata [Stoneman] Spauld. & H. Schrenk)

C. graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wilson

       (syn. G. graminicola Politis)

C. incanum H. C. Yang et al.

C. truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W. D. Moore

Glomerella glycines Lehman & F. A. Wolf

Aristastoma leaf spot and yellowing

Aristastoma camarographioides B. Sutton

A. guttulosum B. Sutton

Black leaf blight

Arkoola nigra J. Walker & Stovold

Brown spot (Septoria leaf spot)

Septoria glycines Hemmi

Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain

Cercospora kikuchii (T. Matsumoto & Tomoy.) M. W. Gardner

Choanephora leaf blight

Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt.

C. infundibulifera (Curr.) Sacc.

Downy mildew

Peronospora manshurica (Naumov) Syd.

Drechslera blight

Bipolaris glycines (S. Naray. & Durairaj) B. A. Khasanov

       (syn. Drechslera glycines S. Naray. & Durairaj)

Exserohilum rostratum (Drechsler) K. J. Leonard & Suggs

       (syn. Setosphaeria rostrata K. J. Leonard)

Frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora leaf spot)

Cercospora sojina Hara

Fusarium seed rot and Fusarium spp. associated with seeds

Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everh.

       (syn. Gibberella acuminata Wollenw.)

F. decemcellulare C. Brick

       (syn. Albonectria rigidiuscula [Berk. & Broome] Rossman & Samuels)

F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc.

       (syn. G. intricans Wollenw.)

F. graminearum Schwabe

       (syn. G. zeae [Schwein.:Fr.] Petch)

F. incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc.

       (syn. F. semitectum Berk. & Ravenel)

F. lateritium Nees.:Fr.

       (syn. G. baccata [Wallr.] Sacc.)

F. oxysporum Schltdl.:Fr.

F. solani (Mart.) Sacc.

       (syn. Haemanectria haematococca [Berk. & Broome] Samuels & Nirenberg)

F. sporotrichioides Sherb.

F. tricinctum (Corda) Sacc.

       (syn. G. tricincta El-Gholl et al.)

F. verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg

       (syn. G. moniliformis Wineland)

Leptosphaerulina leaf spot

Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.) Petr.

Phomopsis seed decay

Diaporthe longicolla (Hobbs) J. M. Santos

       (syn. Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs)

Phyllosticta leaf spot (Phyllosticta leaf blight)

Pleosphaerulina sojicola Miura

       (syn. Phyllosticta sojicola C. Massal.)

Pod and stem blight

Diaporthe sojae Lehman

       (syn. Phomopsis phaseoli [Desm.] Sacc.)

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe diffusa (Cooke & Peck) U. Braun & S. Takam.

E. glycines F. L. Tai

Red leaf blotch (Dactuliophora leaf spot, Pyrenochaeta leaf blotch, Pyrenochaeta leaf spot)

Coniothyrium glycines (R. B. Stewart) Verkley & Gruyter)

       (syns. Dactuliochaeta glycines [R. B. Stewart] G. L. Hartm. & J. B. Sinclair;

        Dactuliophora glycines C. L. Leakey; Phoma glycinicola Gruyter & Boerema

        nom. illegit; Pyrenochaeta glycines R. B. Stewart)

Rhizoctonia aerial blight and web blight (Rhizoctonia foliar blight, Rhizoctonia web blight)

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kühn

       (syn. Thanatephorus cucumeris [A. B. Frank] Donk)

Rust

Phakopsora meibomiae (Arthur) Arthur

       (syn. Malupa vignae [Bres.] Y. Ono et al.)

P. pachyrhizi Syd.

       (syn. M. sojae [Henn.] Y. Ono et al.)

Scab

Sphaceloma glycines Kurata & Kuribayashi

Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold)

Sclerotinia minor Jagger

S. sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

Stemphylium leaf blight

Pleospora herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Rabenh.

       (syn. Stemphylium herbarum E. G. Simmons)

S. botryosum Wallr.

       (syn. P. tarda E. G. Simmons)

S. vesicarium (Wallr.) E. G. Simmons

       (syn. P. allii [Rabenh.] Ces. & De Not.)

Target spot

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei

Yeast spot of pods and seeds

Eremothecium ashbyi Guillierm.

E. coryli (Peglion) Kurtzman

Fungal Diseases of Lower Stems and Roots

Brown stem rot

Cadophora gregata (Allington & D. W. Chamb.) T. C. Harr. & McNew

       (syn. Phialophora gregata [Allington & D. W. Chamb.] W. Gams)

Charcoal rot

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.

Fusarium blight or wilt

Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.:Fr.

Fusarium pod and collar rot

Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc.

       (syns. F. pallidoroseum [Cooke] Sacc.; F. semitectum Berk. & Ravenel)

Fusarium root rot

Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everh.

       (syn. Gibberella acuminata Wollenw.)

F. avenaceum (Fr.:Fr.) Sacc.

       (syn. G. avenacea R. J. Cook)

F. commune K. Skovgaard et al.

F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc.

       (syn. G. intricans Wollenw.)

F. graminearum Schwabe

F. heterosporum Nees & T. Nees:Fr.

       (syn. G. cyanea [Sollm.] Wollenw.)

F. oxysporum Schltdl.:Fr.

F. proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg

       (syn. G. intermedia [Kuhlman] Samuels et al.)

F. redolens Wollenw.

F. solani (Mart.) Sacc.

F. sporotrichioides Sherb.

F. tricinctum (Corda) Sacc.

       (syn. G. tricincta El-Gholl et al.)

F. verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg

       (syns. F. moniliforme J. Sheld.; G. moniliformis Wineland)

Phytophthora root and stem rot

Phytophthora sansomeana E. M. Hansen

P. sojae Kaufm. & Gerd.

Pythium seed rot, damping-off, and root rot

Globisporangium irregulare (Buisman) Uzuhashi et al.

       (syn. Pythium irregulare Buisman)

G. sylvaticum (W. A. Camp. & F. F. Hendrix) Uzuhasi et al.

       (syn. P. sylvaticum W. A. Camp. & F. F. Hendrix)

G. ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi et al.

       (syn. P. ultimum Trow)

P. aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.

P. dissotocum Drechsler

P. inflatum V. D. Matthews

P. myriotylum Drechsler

P. torulosum Coker & F. Patt.

Red crown rot (Cylindrocladium root rot, black root rot, Calonectria root rot)

Calonectria ilicicola Boedijn & Reitsma

       (syn. Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous et al.)

Calonectria morganii Crous et al.

       (syn. Cylindrocladium scoparium Morg.)

Rhizoctonia damping-off and root rot

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kühn

       (syn. Thanatephorus cucumeris [A. B. Frank)] Donk)

Sclerotium blight (southern blight, southern stem rot, white mold)

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbr.

       (syn. Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)

Stachybotrys root rot

Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes

Stem canker

Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora Athow & Caldwell

       (syn. D. caulivora [Athow & Caldwell] J. M. Santos et al.)

D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis F. A. Fernández

       (syn. D. aspalathi E. Jansen et al.)

Sudden death syndrome

Fusarium brasiliense T. Aoki & O’Donnell

F. crassistipitatum Scandiani et al.

F. tucumaniae T. Aoki et al.

F. virguliforme O’Donnell & T. Aoki

       (syn. F. solani f. sp. glycines)

Thielaviopsis root rot (black root rot)

Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris

Storage Fungi

Alternaria spp.

Aspergillus spp.

A. candidus Link:Fr.

A. flavus Link:Fr.

A. glaucus Link:Fr.

A. parasiticus Speare

A. restrictus G. Sm.

Curvularia spp.

Fusarium spp.

F. graminearum Schwabe

Mucor spp.

Paecilomyces spp.

Penicillium spp.

Rhizopus spp.

Scopulariopsis spp.

Other Fungi and Oomycetes Reported in Soybean

Ascochyta sojaecola Abramov

Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker

Chaetomium spp.

C. cupreum L. M. Ames

Cladosporium tenuissimum Cooke

Epicoccum spp.

Exserohilum rostratum (Drechsler) K. J. Leonard & Suggs

Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D. L. Olivier

Gliocladium roseum Bainier

Helminthosporium spp.

Macrophoma spp.

Marssonina sojaecola Mashkina et al.

Microdochium spp.

Monilia spp.

Mycoleptodiscus terrestris (Gerd.) Ostaz.

Mycosphaerella phaseolorum Siemaszko

Neocosmospora vasinfecta E. F. Sm.

(syn. Acremonium sp.)

Nigrospora spp.

Olpidium viciae Kusano

Pestalotia spp.

Boeremia exigua var. exigua (Desm.) Aveskamp et al.

       (syn. Phoma exigua Desm.)

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Shear) Hennebert

Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Lindf.) W. Gams

Pleosphaerulina sojicola Miura

(syn. Phyllosticta glycineum Tehon & E. Y. Daniels)

Setosphaeria glycinea L. S. Srivast. et al.

Stauronematopsis sojae (Uecker & Kulik) Abbas et al.

(syn. Pseudorobillarda sojae Uecker & Kulik)

Verticillium nigrescens Pethybr.

MOLLICUTE DSEASES

Bud proliferation

Buds proliferate from leaf axils on plant; plant maturity is delayed

Machismo

First symptoms occur after flowering or pod formation; pods are rigid, flat, and empty or corrugated and leaflike; buds proliferate from leaf axils anywhere on plant, causing witches’-broom

Phyllody and witches’-broom

Phylloid disorder of floral organs; shoot proliferation and reduced leaflets; resembles machismo

Phytoplasmas

Bushy or stunted plants; purple streaks and patches on stems; marginal necrosis or yellow blotches on leaves; bud proliferation; reduction of pod numbers at nodes; dark-bluish foliage

NEMATODES (PARASITIC)

Dagger nematode:

Xiphinema americanum Cobb

Lance nematodes:

Hoplolaimus spp.

H. columbus Sher

H. galeatus (Cobb) Thorne

H. magnistylus Robbins

H. stephanus Sher

Lesion nematodes:

Pratylenchus spp.

P. agilis Thorne & Malek

P. alleni Ferris

P. brachyurus (Godfrey) Filip. & Sch. Stek.

P. coffeae (Zimmerman) Filip. & Sch. Stek.

P. crenatus Loof

P. hexincisus Taylor & Jenkins

P. neglectus (Rencsh) Filip. & Sch. Stek.

P. penetrans (Cobb) Filip. & Sch. Stek.

P. pratensis (de Man) Filip.

P. scribneri Steiner

P. sefaenis Fortuner

P. teres Khan & Singh

P. thornei Sher & Allen

P. vulnus Allen & Jensen

P. zeae Graham

Reniform nematode:

Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira

Root-knot nematodes:

Meloidogyne spp.

M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood

M. hapla Chitwood

M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood

M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood

Soybean cyst nematode:

Heterodera glycines Ichinohe

Sting nematodes:

Belonolaimus spp.

B. longicaudatus Rau

NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES, DISORDERS, AND DAMAGE

Anoxia

Root injury or death caused by extended flooding or submergence in water

Crusting and compaction of soil

Thickened seedling stems; broken or cracked hypocotyl arches; occurs after heavy rain or flooding

Drought damage

Stunting, poor vigor, and chlorosis of interveinal areas of leaves, which changes to general chlorosis with interveinal necrosis in severe situations

Frost damage

Upper plant damage or death; new growth at lower nodes

Green stem disorder

Immature, still-green stems after ripening of pods and seeds

Hail damage

Ragged and torn leaves; broken or cut stems with dark, sunken areas

Heat canker

Girdling of the hypocotyl at or just above the soil line; affected tissue is reddish brown and shriveled; entire plant dies within days; occurs at temperatures above 35°C

Lightning damage

Circular areas of damage within the field; blackened lower stems and dead leaves; blanched or “cooked” pith

Sunburn

Brick-red spots on leaves that develop brownish centers; brick-red lesions on petioles and stems

VIRUS DISEASES

African cassava mosaic

Genus Begomovirus; African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV)

Alfalfa mosaic

Genus Alfamovirus; Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)

Bean common mosaic

Genus Potyvirus; Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), peanut stripe strain, Azuki bean mosaic strain

Bean common mosaic necrosis

Genus Potyvirus; Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), blackeye cowpea mosaic strain

Bean golden mosaic

Genus Begomovirus; Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV)

Bean leafroll

Genus Luteovirus; Bean leafroll virus (BLRV)

Bean mild mosaic

Genus Carmovirus; Bean mild mosaic virus (BMMV)

Bean pod mottle

Genus Comovirus; Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)

Bean yellow mosaic

Genus Potyvirus; Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV)

Beet western yellows

Genus Polerovirus; Beet western yellows virus (BWYV)

Blackgram mottle

Blackgram mottle virus (BMoV)*

Broad bean true mosaic

Genus Comovirus; Broad bean true mosaic virus (BBTMV)

Cotton leaf curl

Genus Begomovirus; Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus (CLCuKoV)

Cowpea chlorotic mottle

Genus Bromovirus; Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), bean yellow stipple strain, soybean strain (CCMV-S)

Cowpea mild mottle

Genus Carlavirus; Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV)

Cowpea mosaic

Genus Comovirus; Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)

Cowpea mottle

Genus Carmovirus; Cowpea mottle virus (CPMoV)

Cowpea severe mosaic

Genus Comovirus; Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV)

Cucumber mosaic (Soybean stunt)

Genus Cucumovirus; Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), soybean stunt strain (CMV-SS)

       (syn. Soybean stunt virus)

Cycas necrotic stunt

Genus Nepovirus; Cycas necrotic stunt virus (CNSV), soybean mild mosaic strain

       (syns. Soybean chlorotic spot virus; Soybean mild mosaic virus [SMMV])

Euphorbia mosaic

Genus Begomovirus; Euphorbia mosaic virus (EuMV)

Glycine mosaic

Genus Comovirus; Glycine mosaic virus (GMV)

Indonesian soybean dwarf

Genus unassigned; Indonesian soybean dwarf virus (ISDV)

Milk vetch dwarf

Genus Nanovirus; Milk vetch dwarf virus (MVDV)

Mungbean yellow mosaic

Genus Begomovirus; Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV)

Genus Begomovirus; Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV)

Okra mottle

Genus Begomovirus; Okra mottle virus (OMoV)

Pea green mottle

Genus Comovirus; Pea green mottle virus (PGMV)

Pea mild mottle

Genus Comovirus; Pea mild mottle virus (PMMV)

Peanut mottle

Genus Potyvirus; Peanut mottle virus (PMV)

Peanut stunt

Genus Cucumovirus; Peanut stunt virus (PSV)

Pepper golden mosaic

Genus Begomovirus; Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV)

Quail pea mosaic

Genus Comovirus; Quail pea mosaic virus (QPMV)

Rhynchosia golden mosaic

Genus Begomovirus; Rhynchosia golden mosaic virus (RhGMV)

Sida micrantha mosaic

Genus Begomovirus; Sida micrantha mosaic virus (SimMV)

Sida mottle

Genus Begomovirus; Sida mottle virus (SiMoV)

Southern bean mosaic

Genus Sobemovirus; Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV)

Soybean blistering mosaic

Genus Begomovirus; Soybean blistering mosaic virus (SbBMV)

Soybean chlorotic mottle

Genus Soymovirus; Soybean chlorotic mottle virus (SbCMV)

Soybean chlorotic spot

Genus Begomovirus; Soybean chlorotic spot virus (SoCSV)

Soybean crinkle leaf

Genus Begomovirus; Soybean crinkle leaf virus (SCLV)

Soybean dwarf

Genus Luteovirus; Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV)

Soybean mild mottle

Genus Begomovirus; Soybean mild mottle virus (SbMMV)

Soybean mosaic

Genus Potyvirus; Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)

Soybean Putnam

Soybean Putnam virus (SPuV)*

Soybean severe stunt

Soybean severe stunt virus (SSSV)*

Soybean vein necrosis

Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV)*

Soybean yellow mosaic

Soybean yellow mosaic virus (SYMV)*

Soybean yellow mottle mosaic

Genus Carmovirus; Soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus (SYMMV)

Tobacco mosaic

Genus Tobamovirus; Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), soybean strain (TMV-S)

Tobacco ringspot

Genus Nepovirus; Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV)

Tobacco streak

Genus Ilarvirus; Tobacco streak virus (TSV)

Tomato ringspot

Genus Nepovirus; Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)

Tomato spotted wilt

Genus Tospovirus; Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)

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* Not classified as a distinct species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (as of 2014) (www.ictvonline.org).