DisplayTitle

Pathogenic Variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Infecting Soybean in Nigeria

First author: Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; third author: Geo-Spatial Laboratory, IITA, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; fourth author: Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; fifth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and sixth author: IITA, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is an important disease in Nigeria and many other soybean-producing countries worldwide. To determine the geographical distribution of soybean rust in Nigeria, soybean fields were surveyed in the Derived Savanna (DS), Northern Guinea Savanna (NGS), and Southern Guinea Savanna (SGS) agroecological zones in Nigeria between 2004 and 2006. Disease severity in each zone was determined and analyzed using geostatistics. Prevalence of infected fields and disease severity in surveyed fields were significantly (P < 0.05) different between geographical zones with both variables being higher in the DS zone than in either NGS or SGS zones. Geostatistical analysis indicated that the spatial influence of disease severity at one location on severity at other locations was between 75 and 120 km. An exponential model best described the relationship between semivariance and lag distance when rust severity was high. Spatial interpolation of rust severity showed that locations in the DS zone were more conducive for the rust epidemic compared to areas in the NGS zone. In the 2005 survey, 116 purified isolates were established in culture on detached soybean leaves. To establish the nature of pathogenic variation in P. pachyrhizi, a set of four soybean accessions with Rpp₁, Rpp₂, Rpp₃, and Rpp₄ resistance genes, two highly resistant and two highly susceptible genotypes were inoculated with single uredinial isolates. Principal component analysis on the number of uredinia per square centimeter of leaf tissue for 116 isolates indicated that an adequate summary of pathogenic variation was obtained using only four genotypes. Of these four, PI 459025B (with Rpp₄ gene) and TG× 1485-1D had the lowest and highest number of uredinia per square centimeter, respectively. Based on cluster analysis of the number of uredinia per square centimeter, seven pathotype clusters were determined. Isolates in cluster III were the most virulent, while those in cluster IV were the least virulent. Shannon's index (H) revealed a more diverse pathogen population in the DS zone (H = 1.21) compared to the rust population in SGS and NGS with H values of 1.08 and 0.91, respectively. This work will be useful in breeding and management of soybean rust by facilitating identification of resistant genotypes and targeting cultivars with specific resistance to match prevailing P. pachyrhizi pathotypes in a given geographical zone.

Additional keywords:pathogen diversity, pathotype composition, virulence analysis, West Africa.