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Identification and Characterization of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus, A Putative New Member of the Genus Mandarivirus

First, third, fourth, and eighth authors: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; second, fifth, and sixth authors: Çukurova University Agriculture Faculty, Plant Protection Department, 01330 Balcali Adana, Turkey; seventh and tenth authors: Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, UOS Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; and ninth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA 93648.

Molecular features and genomic organization were determined for Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV), the putative viral causal agent of yellow vein clearing disease of lemon trees, reported in Pakistan, India, and more recently in Turkey and China. CYVCV isolate Y1 from Adana, Turkey, was used for deep sequencing analysis of the virus-induced small RNA fractions and for mechanical and graft inoculation of herbaceous and citrus indicator plants. A polyclonal antiserum was developed from CYVCV-Y1 purified from Phaseolus vulgaris and used in western blot assays to characterize the coat protein of CYVCV-Y1 and determine its serological relationship with related viruses. Contigs assembled from the Illumina sequenced short reads were used to construct the whole genome of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV), consisting in a positive-sense RNA of 7,529 nucleotides and containing six predicted open reading frames. The CYVCV genome organization and size resembled that of flexiviruses, and search for sequence homologies revealed that Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV) (Mandarivirus, Alphaflexiviridae) is the most closely related virus. However, CYVCV had an overall nucleotide sequence identity of ≈74% with ICRSV. Although the two viruses were similar with regard to genome organization, viral particles, and herbaceous host range, CYVCV caused different symptoms in citrus and was serologically distinct from ICRSV. Primer pairs were designed and used to detect the virus by conventional and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on yellow vein clearing symptomatic field trees as well as graft- and mechanically inoculated host plants. Collectively, these data suggest that CYVCV is the causal agent of yellow vein clearing disease and represents a new species in the genus Mandarivirus.