Resistance to strobilurin fungicides was documented in isolates collected from three fungicide efficacy experiments conducted in research fields in Georgia (GA), North Carolina (NC), and New York (NY). In these fields in 2002, strobilurins (fungicide group 11, quinone outside inhibitors [QoI]) when used alone on a 7-day schedule (use pattern not labeled) did not effectively control cucurbit powdery mildew. Strobilurin efficacy declined dramatically after the second application in New York (3). Efficacy also was reduced in commercial fields in Kentucky and research fields in Arizona, California, Kentucky, Illinois, Michigan, and Virginia in 2002 where strobilurins were used predominantly or exclusively. Isolates were collected on 22 July and 8 and 17 October after the last of four, five, and five applications of strobilurin (trifloxystrobin formulated as Flint or azoxystrobin formulated as Quadris) in experiments conducted by J. D. Moore in Chula, GA, M. McGrath in Riverhead, NY, and G. J. Holmes in Clayton, NC, respectively. A leaf-disk bioassay was used to determine fungicide sensitivity (2). Strobilurin sensitivity was determined using trifloxystrobin at 0, 0.5, 5, 50, and 100 μg/ml. Four of nine NY isolates, 19 of 21 GA isolates, and 13 of 15 NC isolates were resistant to strobilurins (grew well on disks treated with trifloxystrobin at 100 μg/ml). The geometric mean of the azoxystrobin baseline was 0.258 μg/ml for Podosphaera xanthii isolates collected in 1998 and 1999 in North America (4). Poor control with strobilurins under field conditions was associated with reduced sensitivity in vitro. Strobilurin sensitivity appeared to be qualitative as reported elsewhere (1). Two sensitive and three resistant isolates responded similarly when tested in another laboratory using kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin (H. Ypema, personal communication). These findings and experiences elsewhere with QoI-resistant P. xanthii indicate that cross-resistance probably extends among multiple QoI's (1). Strobilurins have been available for commercial use in the United States since 1998, when azoxystrobin received Section 18 registration in some states. Federal registration was granted in March 1999. Strobilurin resistance was detected after 2 years of commercial use elsewhere in the world (1). All isolates tested in the current study were from research fields where selection pressure for resistance could have been higher than in commercial fields where strobilurins are used with demethylation inhibitors (DMIs; fungicide group 3) and contact fungicides in alternation or tank mixtures to prevent or delay resistance development. Resistance in commercial fields will reduce the utility of strobilurins, including those not yet registered, and eliminate an important tool for managing DMI resistance. Strobilurins and DMIs are the only systemic fungicides registered for cucurbit powdery mildew in the United States. Managing DMI resistance may be challenged by multiresistant strains. Strobilurin-resistant isolates also exhibited reduced sensitivity to DMIs, tolerating triadimefon at 50 to 100 μg/ml (2). One suggestion to improve resistance management is to apply a contact fungicide with strobilurins as well as DMIs.
References: (1) H. Ishii et al. Phytopathology 91:1166, 2001. (2) M. T. McGrath et al. Plant Dis. 80:697, 1996. (3) M. T. McGrath and N. Shishkoff. Fungic. Nematic. Tests. (In press). (4) G. Olaya et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 90 (suppl):S57, 2000.
