Authors
W. W. Hsiao and
Y. S. Wu, The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resource and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taiwan R.O.C;
Y. N. Wang, Department of Forestry and Resource Conservation, College of Bio-Resource and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taiwan R.O.C.; and
B. L. Huang and
L. C. Huang, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) is native to North America. This tall tree species is used for forestation and lumber; its wood is also used for furniture, its burls for art ware, and its bark for fuel, insulation, and mulch. In August 2005, an instance of wilt was observed among 2-year-old tissue-culture-cloned plants (2) in the Sitou Forest of central Taiwan. Essentially, all plants were infected. The leaves or stems near the ground were affected first, but the wilt soon spread over the entire plant with the leaves becoming grayish brown and water soaked, and then wilting, drying, and finally defoliation occurred. Aerial hyphae were present over the affected areas, aerial mycelium was cob-web-like, hyaline, later becoming slightly brown. Hyphae were 6.5 to 10.4 μm wide with right-angle branching and septal constriction at their bases. Sclerotia were hemispherical, subglobose, to irregular in shape, 1 to 2 mm, and brown. The perfect stage of the fungus was not found. The fungus was identified as Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (3). Vegetative cells were stained with alkaline safranin solution and identified as multinucleate (1). Portions of the stem that displayed symptoms, together with adjacent healthy tissue, were disinfested for 1 min in 0.5% NaOCl and plated on to potato-dextrose agar (PDA) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) supplemented with 100 mg/L of ampicillin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Single hyphal tips were transferred to PDA and two isolates were established as pure cultures. On the basis of hyphal anastomosis with AG-IV tester isolates (exfop234, exfop241, and exfop250) (1), the fungus was identifed as R. solani AG-IV. Pathogenicity of the fungal isolates was confirmed by inoculating 2-month-old tissue-culture-derived S. sempervirens plants that were grown in pots and incubated in a growth chamber maintained at 28°C with a relative humidity above 95%. Inoculum consisted of a single mycelial 5-day-old 0.5-cm disc grown on PDA of the pathogen placed on the soil surface touching the base of each plant. Four plants were inoculated with mycelium and the four control plants were noninoculated. Inoculated plants wilted gradually over 4 days and all plants developed severe stem rot and were dead in 6 days, whereas control plants remained symptomless. The Rhizoctonia solani AG-IV was reisolated from all inoculated plants. This fungus has been observed to cause disease in many species of plants (4), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of Rhizoctonia blight of coastal redwood tissue-culture-derived saplings caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-IV in Taiwan.
References: (1) T. T. Chang. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 12:47, 1997. (2) L. C. Huang et al. Plant Physiol. 98:166, 1992. (3) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia species. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1991. (4) S. T. Su et al. List of Plant Diseases in Taiwan. The Phytopathological Society of the Republic of China, 2002.
